American Mafia

According to Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, The American Mafia especially Five Families has its origins in Italian Cosa Nostra. The American Cosa Nostra underwent many changes at the hands of Black Hand gangs around 1900s, Five Points Gang during 1910s and 1920s in New York City and Al Capone’s Syndicate in 1920s in Chicago. Two factions of organized crime emerged by the end of 1920s leading to Castellamarese war for gaining control over organized crime in New York City. Murder of Joseph Masseria, leader of one of the factions ended the war uniting the two factions.First leader of the American Mafia Salvatore Maranzano established a code of conduct, â€Å"family† divisions and structure. He also established certain procedures to resolve disputes but was murdered within six months. Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano took over the reins and set up a â€Å"Commission† consisting of bosses from six or seven families for managing their activities. According to Bind er, Jim Colosimo or â€Å"Big Jim† was considered the most powerful gangster and led a multi-ethnic group, with Italian, Jewish, Irish, Greek and other members. In May 1920 he was probably shot dead by â€Å"Frankie Yale under contract John Torrio.† John Torrio took over and united major local gangs dividing the liquor business in Chicago city to a stable state and profitability. The other major gangs during this period in Chicago were North Siders led by Dion O’Banion, the Guilfoyle gang, the Gennas in Little Italy, the West Side O’Donnells, the Druggan-Lake gang, the Saltis-McErlane gang and the Sheldon gang. Torrio under the guidance of Capone took over brothels in Cicero and managed the largest area covering the South Side and major suburbs occupying the south and west of the city.Problems started when a gang tried to increase its profits by not following the agreement strictly and entered neighboring gang’s territory. Friction between Gennas a nd the O’Banion gang led to the murder of O’Banion in November 1924 starting off prohibition gang wars. The Sheldon gang, the Gennas, the Druggan and Lake, the Guilfoyle and later the Circus Gang were all allies of Torrio-Capone. Chicago Heights joined Capone in 1926 and controlled Joliet and major areas east of Indiana and south of Chicago. Torrio was succeeded by Al Capone in 1925.Gennas under Hymie Weiss surrendered after their leadership was attacked by North Siders and the Gennas rackets such as Unione Siciliana were taken over by Al Capone appointing Tony Lombardo as Unione president. The West Side O’Donnells joined ranks with Capone in 1926 after a short lived gang war. Similarly Sheldon gang too joined Capone after Danny Stanton left the town. Gang wars continued for several years and North Siders lost Hymie Weiss in October 1926, nothing remarkable was noticed until the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929.Now let us consider organized black gang s during this period run by Italian, Jewish and Irish gangsters operating from Harlem, New York and a few loosely run black gangs concentrated primarily on policy and lottery gambling, prostitution and drugs. Bell stated that over 200,000 blacks returned after World War I to Harlem expecting better pay, better housing and equality. But they realized very soon that whites had not changed and found some of the worst low paying menial jobs such as that of janitors, bootblacks, cooks, houseboys and baggage handlers.They were paid very less compared to a white person doing the same work. The housing situation too was worst; Harlem an overcrowded and segregated community accommodated more than 250,000 citizens in 50 blocks long and 8 blocks wide area with more than 5,000 people staying in one block. The people were compelled to sleep in shifts. Blacks suffered the most with Racism, race riots and labor riots being the order of the day. Things moved from bad to worse with the passage of 18 th Amendment to the constitution banning sale of alcoholic beverages by the Congress on January 20, 1920.Establishments primarily depending on the sale of these products (alcoholic beverages) were compelled to down the shutters across the nation. These developments marked the beginning of the infamous Roaring Twenties – one of the country’s darkest periods when the mob, the crooked politicians and the gangsters ruled. Taking advantage of the fact that consumption of alcohol was a part of American culture and people could not stop drinking due to prohibition, the mob and the crooked entrepreneurs illegally transported the alcoholic beverages from the Canadian border and at times even manufactured beer and liquor.â€Å"The overt exclusion of blacks from the nation's economic, social and political processes only served to foment alternative means toward becoming a part of established idealized factions. † Blacks were suppressed to the maximum possible extent by den ying good jobs, influential political positions, advanced education, nice homes, equal social treatment and benefits. Thus most of the black Americans took to illegal means to compensate for the economic denials.Black crime was independent initially with traditional thievery, gambling, prostitution and robbery, but later two key factors Bolito (the numbers game) and drugs led to evolvement of organized crime. Bets could be placed from any where such as parlors, bars, restaurants, pool halls, barber shops, drugstores and even from their homes, more than 800 runners or bet collectors hurried places to collect and place bets on behalf of customers in 30 policy banks. The policy bankers became the richest and started extending loans and finance to Harlem residents, which the blacks could not expect from whites operated financial institutions.The big time number operators included James Warner, Stephanie St. Clair, Casper Holstein, Wilfred Brandon, Jose Miro, Joseph Ison, Masjoe Ison and Simeon Francis. By 1928 the numbers game became most profitable and the arrests on this count also increased. Profits were reported to the elected representatives through police officials and these corrupt elected politicians had strong links with mob’s syndicate led by white gangsters. â€Å"Corruption ran throughout New York's law enforcement, legal and political systems, including bondsmen, high-ranking police officials, judges, lawyers and politicians.† To protect themselves the night clubs, businesses, bars, pimps, whores, gamblers, bankers and number runners started paying huge kickbacks. Democratic Party boss in Manhattan, James J. Hines had links with mobster and beer baron â€Å"Dutch† Schultz. Schultz and fellow Murder Inc. gangsters â€Å"Lucky† Luciano, Frank Costello, Owney Madden, Bugsy Siegel, Joe Adonis and Meyer Lansky started taking over Harlem’s numbers racket. Short gang wars that erupted due to taking over and syndication led to an estimated 40 murders and 6 kidnappings. By late 1928 a total of 20 policy banks remained out of 40 and most of the bankers retired mysteriously.Dutch Schultz was in total control and called â€Å"King of Harlem Bankers† From the discussion above it is clear that organized crime had flourished in American society basically due to prohibition which was in vogue from 1920 to 1933 and every affluent individual was either directly or indirectly involved in illegal activities such as illicit liquor trafficking, prostitution, maintenance of brothel houses and having ties with mafia bosses. It is now clear that removal of prohibition led to a reduction in one of the evils i. e. , illegal liquor trafficking, but other illegal activities do continue carried out even to this day.References Cosa Nostra. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2006). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra John Binder. The Chicago Outfit (2003). Arcadia Publishing. Page nos. 27 to 42. Walter A. Bell. Brief History. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/index. html Walter A. Bell. The Roaring Twenties. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005).Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/2. html Walter A. Bell. The Numbers Game. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/3. html Walter A. Bell. The Takeovers and Syndication. Court TV. Crime Library. Criminal Minds and Methods. Black gangs of Harlem (2005). Retrieved on September 21, 2006 from: http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/harlem_gangs/6. html

Include strategies Essay

Plan, implement and evaluate at least three activities for children in the foundation stage. You should ensure that across the three plans there are learning goals from each of the 6 areas of learning. Your plans should include strategies for differentiation.  Claire Field  Preston College  Introduction  The purpose of this work is to review the nature and content of the foundation stage curriculum and to consider the theoretical underpinning and underlying principles that have assisted in the formation of this early years practice. Through the planning and implementation of three activities, spanning the full spectrum of the foundation stage curriculum, the writer aims to identify and meet the needs of foundation stage children. This work will then evaluate the provisions for these children and investigate further the ways in which differentiation strategies can be implemented to ensure all children, regardless of their abilities, or stage of development, may receive the curriculum, delivered in a style appropriate to them and their own personal requirements. In 1988 the Conservative government, under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, legislated that a National Curriculum be in force for pupils between the ages of 5 and 16, because she believed that  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœa good educational system was essential for the future  success of the nation’ (Ridley, 1992, p92)  Although a curriculum was in place for ages 5 to 16, there was a distinct lack of standardised learning for the early years. Margaret Hodge joined the Department for Education in 1998 and was responsible for reforming pre-school education policy (www.news.bbc.co.uk 12/10/2006). She was actively involved in the implementation of the Foundation Stage Curriculum in September 2000 and the publishing of the guidance to accompany this. The abilities of children are multifaceted and the foundation stage curriculum gives practitioners a much less rigid approach than the National Curriculum, by following the children’s progress using stepping stones. As the foundation stage curriculum is a government legislated policy, this means that all children should follow it. As it is flexible in the way in which it is implemented, it means that different types of settings can fashion the teaching methods to follow it in their own way. This means that whether a child attends a pre-school, an LEA nursery, a work-based nursery, or indeed a childminder, they are provided with the same curriculum. This is governed by Ofsted who maintain this proviso through their regular inspections. Good planning is essential in ensuring that all the practitioners involved can build a picture of the children’s development programme. Not only does it provide them with a premeditated programme of learning, but it also gives an opportunity for discussion to take place, where they can think about how they can progress children through the various stages of learning. For the practitioner to ensure all areas of the curriculum are covered, the planning must,  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœentail attention to overall (long-term) planning, medium  and short-term planning†¦for every aspect of every  lesson’ (Cohen et al, 2004, p125) Long term planning ensures that all the areas and aspects of learning within the curriculum are covered throughout the whole year and provides a template for the medium term planning. Correct use of the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, together with the knowledge of the practitioners relating to the individual children, means that the children experience new and exciting ways to learn through play. The long term plans of the settings must be flexible. They should incorporate the schools ethos and provide for an enriched curriculum with scope for differentiation to allow inclusion. Medium term planning then identifies the specific topics of work to be covered over the term, or half term. From these the practitioner then sets out the weekly activity plans, to guarantee full coverage of the learning outcomes within the set topics. It is vital that the plans cover the whole of the six areas of learning and that the practitioner assesses the progress of the children, in order to make certain that they are all progressing to the best of their capabilities. Recording achievements as stepping stones enables early years practitioners’ to carry out assessments whilst the children are involved in activities, thus preventing the child having any knowledge that an appraisal of their skills and understandings is being undertaken. Planning and evaluating the success criteria of an activity allows the practitioner to be certain that every area of the curriculum is covered. Piaget introduced three principles of cognitive development and these apply to all of the subjects studied in this report. His first principle is assimilation. He says that children do not absorb all the information they encounter. They actively engage in the assimilation process and learn what is relevant to them at their stage of development. The schema stage is next. During this phase the children relate what they know already to their current situation. The third phase is where the child wishes to seek stability cognitively. He utilises the knowledge gained and applies it to make a general logical picture (Oakley, 2004). From this it is clear to see how the children gain the learning and knowledge applicable to them by interpreting activities in their own way.

Economy of the Southern colonies between 1607-1775 Essay

The growth of slavery became intertwined in the life of the southern colonies in the 17th century and early and mid 18th century. Slavery slowly evolved from numerous factors. Such factors that lead to the mixing of slavery and the southern colonies’ life were social classes, geographical location and economic problems. The paramount example is Jamestown, Virginia, the first successful English colony. During the development of Jamestown, there was the unintentional creation of social classes. The higher classes were people who had land and money. These were the people who brought indentured servants to the New World to work on the wealthy plantations. The indentured servants would serve out their terms and be free. The majority that became free did not have as much as their previous masters. This brought about the lower class of people, the people who did not have land or money. The next lower class would be the Indians and African slaves. They were separated mainly because of their skin color. They were made as slaves and were forced to work on the plantations. The Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676, the indentured servants’ uprising, lead to the idea of the use of indentured servants dramatically dropped because the indentured servants held a threat to the peace and tranquility of the colony. The idea of slaves emerged as the primary labor force. Slaves were easily identifiable and were able to control through physical intimidation. It was because of Bacon’s Rebellion would massive number of slaves from Africa being to be imported. The majority of laborers on the plantations were African slaves. The plantation owners relied on the African slaves to work their plantations. Their plantations’ labor was needed because of the geographical location. The geographical location of the south made the use of slaves ideal. The land was flat with rich soil and long growing season as well as slow flowing rivers. This meant that farming was ideal in this region. To work the large plantations that would fill the large land, there would be a need of many laborers. The initial concept of indentured servants was dropped after Bacon’s Rebellion and the concept of slaves emerged. The plantation owners began to rely on the African slaves and depended on their labor over the vast land. If there were no African slaves, then there would be no labor and  therefore the land that would produce the cash crops would be gone and the economy of the south would fail. The economic section of the south depended on cash crops which were the paramount cultivation. The reason for having cash crops was because of the geographical location. The cash crops made Jamestown survive though selling the cash crops back to the Old World forming the economic basis, cash crops. There was a need for workers to work the plantations that produced cash crops. The use of slaves became needed and grew on the south so that the south needed the African slaves to survive. Through the outlook of Jamestown, Virginia, it is shown that slaves became intertwined in the economy of the Southern colonies. The social class of slaves being on the bottom made them the labor force on the plantations that formed because of the geographical location, which was large rich land and large growing seasons, was perfect for growing cash crops, the south’s economy. The social class, geographical location and economic factors of the South encouraged slavery because slavery was part of the South’s economy.

Report on the Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Building a Essay

Report on the Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Building a Theme Park in a Neighbourhood - Essay Example It also assesses the expectations, both positive and negative, of the neighborhood residents from the theme park to be constructed. Methodology This study is based on a close-ended, structured and non-disguised questionnaire designed to explore the perceived effect on local residents by the building of a local theme park. The questionnaire was given to the oldest member of each household to be completed and returned within a month. The respondents were informed about the purpose of the questionnaire, and that their responses were vital for planning the construction. Respondents were assured of the maintenance of confidentiality of the information they would provide and that it would be used solely for the purpose of this survey. The questionnaire had questions relating to the demographic data, such as gender, employment status and type of household of the residents. The main part of the questionnaire was concerned with how the residents perceived the present safety of the neighborhoo d, and whether they believed that this status would change after the construction of a theme park. ‘Neutral’, ‘safe’ and ‘very safe’, ‘unsafe’ and ‘very unsafe’, were the options provided to assess perceived present safety, and ‘much safer’, ‘safer’, ‘unsafer’, ‘much unsafer’ and ‘unchanged’, were the options provided to assess the perceived change in safety . The positive and negative expectations of the local residents from the theme park, such as increase in employment opportunities, business opportunities, more activities for family and children, more crime, vandalism, pollution and parking problems, were also assessed. The questionnaire is given in appendix 1 of this document. Data was analyzed by comparing the differences in perception based on the employment status and household type of the respondents. Results and data analysis Fifty local residen ts had responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 14 were females and 36 were males. The largest proportion of the respondents was unemployed (n=15). Of the remaining respondents, 10 were employed, 10 were retired, four were self-employed and the remaining 11 were students. Based on the type of household, most of the respondents were either couples, had a family with children under 16, or were living alone. Perceived safety Data on perceived current safety of the neighborhood revealed that a large proportion of the respondents considered their neighborhood as either safe or very safe, with only a minority of them remaining neutral. A vast majority of the respondents felt that the safety status of their neighborhood would remain unchanged after the construction of a theme park. The expected change in safety of the neighborhood was then assessed based on the employment status and the type of household. This analysis revealed that most of the retired respondents believed that the neighb orhood would become unsafe. In contrast, a few students, unemployed and self-employed respondents felt that the neighborhood would become safer. It appears that the retired population of respondents is paranoid about the safety of the nei

Organizational Dynamics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Dynamics Paper - Essay Example Business intelligence also helps companies and businesses to survive during hard economic times. During such periods, it is not a surprise to find companies still spending on the processes of business intelligence because without such solutions, there is no business at all. In any case, there is a business; it is most likely on the decline in terms of productivity and revenues. Business intelligence is not a onetime thing; it is an ongoing process. Business intelligence goes on as long as the business is still running; the business intelligence continues to exist too. Business intelligence involves techniques based on computers that are used in the identification, extraction, as well as the analysis of business data (Electrosmart Ltd). The business data in this case could be revenue from sales made from given products, could also be sales that a given department has made, or the revenues that have been received from certain costs and incomes. A successful business intelligence proces s or unit has to have some qualities such as providing old, current, and views about future operations of the system. There are various functions associated with successful business intelligence process. Among them is reporting, the other one could be predictive analytics, the other could be data mining, and maybe complex event processing. The business intelligence technology implemented in an organization can only be beneficial if everyone knows the goals and aims of the business. With that in mind, it is easy to identify the business intelligence strategy to take with the technology to be put in place to help run the business. Business intelligence technologies are like decision support systems to organizations. In this respect, they are used to process certain information for the company, and the managers use the results they give and the management board to make critical decisions that affect the organizations current and future dealings (Microsoft Case Studies). Given that a bu siness intelligence program is not a onetime thing, it is a principle that has to be instilled into the business; it is a lifetime process. In this regard, the technologies are implemented in a program that takes some time. The program for successful and effective business intelligence has to include: 1. The development of a business intelligence strategy 2. Assessment of the readiness of the business to the application of the strategic, readiness and maturity for the technology to be put in place. 3. Definition of the business intelligence policy 4. Governance of the business intelligence once put in place 5. Identification of the business intelligence opportunities; This further includes defining the requirements of the business; development of the blueprint of the business intelligence; selection of a vendor and evaluation of the business intelligence alternatives. 6. A portfolio of the business intelligence also has to be defined. This is the roadmap that has to be followed when deploying the business intelligence in a manner that is effectively incremental, as well as sustainable at the same time. There are various business dynamics driving businesses to look for new ways of sustaining their business activities. These are the reasons why business intelligence has been at the forefront of the needs of these businesses. Companies believe that in order to make it big in the business world today, there needs to be more that human resources at the

Politics and media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Politics and media - Research Paper Example For effective intersubjectivity, the producer of the message needs to adapt it according to receivers’ interpretive process. On the other hand in order to effectively understand the message, the receiver needs to interpret the message in accordance to its source. Key Challenges to Achieving Intersubjectivity in a Fractured Media Landscape The media landscape is changing. Presently people are shifting from traditional forms of media like newspaper and television to the web , blogs, RSS feeds and social media sites to obtain their news updates. Initially what had been a passive audience has now become active with the help of these non traditional media (Jisun. Et al, 2011). The users are now capable of filtering, sharing and commenting on news. Just like all walks of life, politics too has been greatly influenced by the new media. Since 2008, politicians would not think whether or not to use the new media, but how to incorporate it. President Obama is often cited as one of the k ey candidates who changed the face of political campaigning by utilizing networking sites like MySpace and Facebook. Some even claim that President Obama’s success in Iowa had a great deal to do with his ability to mobilize young voters through the new media (Perlmutter, 2008, p.160). He was effectively able to achieve intersubjectivity through his campaign by truly understanding the needs of his listeners. The youth generally perceived politics are dirty and didn’t want to get involved, through his campaign President Obama attempted to make politics inspiring and interesting. He also chose the best media—the social website to aggressively deliver the message. The use of SNS cannot be applied in all instance because according to a survey it was found that the greater the political involvement of a voter, the less likely they were to use SNS for political information. This suggests that although SNS is significant in the US as a political tool for furthering the same thoughts in politics or for campaigns and for acquiring support, other resources also need to be utilized to gain favor of politically active voters. According to the intersubjectivity groundwork set out by Hewes and Planalp, a similar concept was propagated by Hawkins and Daly who proposed that communication depends on knowledge. And in order to have effective communication cognition is mandatory. The producer of the message should be capable of relaying their intent and the receiver of the message must be able to attach cognitive meaning to them (Hawkins & Daly, 1988, p.222). In order to reach a consensual meaning of the message both the parties should have shared meaning and cognitive variables. Selective Reinforcing and Challenge Avoidance As we have established that cognition is vital to intersubjectivity, any lack thereof can result in failure to achieve intersubjectivity. Once the receiver or producer is engaging in selective reinforcement of the messages, they are alter ing the cognition. Through selective exposure, the receiver or producer picks the elements from the message that suits them and filters out the rest of the information. This selective exposure can enable them to intentionally focus their attention towards structural features or physiological characteristics—

Business Management And Leadership - Defining The Manager (U1IP) Essay

Business Management And Leadership - Defining The Manager (U1IP) - Essay Example has already stated that the person needs to be able to ‘take charge, organize things, and get people motivated and working again.’ During the interview, then, it will be necessary to look for behavioral characteristics that lie within the candidate. These can include, but are not limited to, â€Å"analytical problem solving, attention to detail, continuous learning, oral communication, written communication, conflict management, assertiveness, control, creativity, innovation, customer service, decisiveness, delegation, entrepreneurial insight, diplomacy, empathy, employee development, energy, decision making, oral fact finding, financial analytical ability, futuristic thinking, initiative, goal orientation, impact, independence, flexibility, innovation, integrity, interpersonal skills, leadership, influence, planning and organizing, listening, management, motivation, negotiation, judgment, persuasion, participative management, presentation skills, risk taking, process o peration, rapport building, resilience, practical learning, safety awareness, sales/persuasiveness, sensitivity, stress, teamwork, professional knowledge, technical proficiency, tenacity, training, and strategic analysis† (JobInterviewQuestions.org,

INFLATION TARGETING AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY Research Paper

INFLATION TARGETING AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY (IN CANADA) - Research Paper Example Monetary policy is one of public intervention measure around at influencing the level and pattern of economic activity so as to achieve certain desired goals. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low is given to authority bodies such as the central bank. Monetary policy covers all the action of the bank of Canada and the government which influence the quantity, the cost and availability of money credit in the economy through open market operations and setting of banking reserve requirements. 2. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO CONDUCT MONETARY POLICY I. Attainment of full employment Full employment simply refers to involuntary unemployment. Monetary policy can raise the level of employment by encouraging credit availability to labor intensive section like rural agriculture and other small scale factories. Policies that lower the interest rates constitute expansionary monetary and is likely to lead to an increase in investment hence more employment opportunities. II. Price stability Econo mics sometime suffer from inflation and deflation; both have their effects either positively or negatively. Monetary policy helps in controlling inflation pressure. Price stability can be maintained by regulating money through tools of credit control like discount rate and minimum reserve requirement ratio. It helps in maintaining equilibrium in income and wealth inequalities. III. Economic growth expansion Money policies are put in place to ensure that more money is injected in circulation to finance developments of projects, which may in turn cause a price increase. Monetary also controls real interest rates and its effect are clearly reflected in investment. If the central government goes for an affordable and available credit policy by cutting down on the interest rates, the investment level of the economy is encouraged (Ben and Woodford 94). Increase in investment simply means higher economic developments. IV. Balance of payments equilibrium The balance of payments has two aspe cts, that of surplus and that of deficit. The latter reflects stringency of money and the former an excess of money. If the monetary policy succeeds in maintaining monetary equilibrium than the balance of payments, equilibrium can be achieved. V. Exchange rate stability This refers to the value of home currency expressed in terms of any foreign currency. If the exchange rate is volatile, causing rapid changes frequently, the international society might lose confidence in the economy. The monetary policy hopes to achieve and maintain relative stability in the exchange rate. The central bank tries to influence the demand for foreign exchange and also maintaining its stability. VI. Equal income distribution Fiscal policy was s used to maintain economic equality according to some economist. In recent years, it is believed that the monetary policy can also play a role in attaining that equality. It can make unique provisions for the neglect availability like small scale factories, agricu lture and many more by providing for them cheaper credits for longer terms, thus assisting in reducing economic inequalities. Inflation is the increase in general level of prices of commodities in an economy over time. When prices rise, a buyer of goods and services is forced to pay more money for lesser goods and services. This simply means that inflation erodes the purchasing power of money. Inflation rates are used to measure the price of inflation. Economists argue that inflation is generally caused by a growth of the money

Effects of the 2007 2009 Recession on Strategic Marketing Management Essay

Effects of the 2007 2009 Recession on Strategic Marketing Management Practices - Essay Example The impact of the economic downturn has redrawn the competitive structure of markets and created new and often unfamiliar situations for suppliers. One of the contributing factors for this â€Å"new normal† has been growing international protectionism and reduced access to finances that has circumscribed growth options in recovery (Muller, 2010, 67). In the wake of this challenging market situation, many businesses have managed to overcome market-place challenges and maximize opportunities by conducting strategic consumer and competitor analysis, and shifting their strategies accordingly. With this regard, this generally involves changing the target market and/or adapting the business’ marketing mix. However, the response that the recession elicited from marketing managers depended on their perceptive of its meaning and the impact it had on their businesses (Muller, 2010, 244). The Case of Revlon, Inc One organization that had to alter its strategic marketing management practices to overcome the marketing challenges of the 2007 – 2009 economic recession is Revlon, Inc. Revlon is an American multinational corporation that specializes in the provision of beauty products. Its line of business involves cosmetics, skincare, personal care and fragrance products. The company’s portfolio brands include: Revlon ® color cosmetics, Revlon ® beauty tools, Revlon Colorsilk ® hair color, Almay ® color cosmetics, Charlie ® fragrances, Ultima II ® skin care, Mitchum ® anti-perspirant deodorants, and Gatineau ® skin care. The US has a relatively large market for color cosmetics, accounting for more than 18% of the world’s market for color cosmetics. Revlon has a massive market share considering that it...The consumption per user growth rate of the industry dropped to 0.7% in 2008 from 1.4% in 2007, and continued to drop steadily throughout half of the following year. In addition, the average per unit price declined significantl y in the course of the recession period as consumers switched to low-priced brands due to reduced disposable income (Glamface, 2013, n.p). The marketing challenges that Revlon faced during and after the recent recession were not only caused by the reduced consumer spending, but also due to strong competition from the major players in the industry. According to Glamface (2013), Revlon is only a middle-level player in the cosmetics industry and is not able to invest as large amounts in research and development as the larger players such as L’oreal (LRLCY) and Proctor & Gamble. In addition, competition from smaller competitors than Revlon such as Avon and Estee Lauder Companies increased. Conclusion Revlon’s performance in the beauty industry has improved significantly since the initiation of its adapted strategic marketing management practices to cope with the effects of the 2007 – 2009 financial and economic crises. Revenue and Market share have increased significantly, indicating that adjustment of marketing practices are crucial for businesses to overcome the challenges of recession.

Resistance to change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resistance to change - Research Paper Example ). They usually have three shifts a week and many nurses are pleased with such schedule, because they have much time to have a rest and devote to their families. Nurses have four free days after three working days and are able to get acquainted with all their patients and learn about their problems. However, last time this schedule was widely discussed as there are a lot of doubts appeared around it (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). The question is if a person is biologically capable of working uninterruptedly during 12 hours and if this work can bring positive results (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). The trouble is that 12 consecutive hours of work make a person physically and emotionally exhausted (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). At the end of the working period a nurse inevitably becomes less attentive, slow and loses the ability to take fast decisions that is extremely important in nursing profession. Moreover, some nurses prefer not to waste time even for a break to have some meal. Many nurses cons ider this to be unnecessary. Now many scholars who study this issue call such way of life â€Å"a way to disaster† (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). According to Reid and Dawson, â€Å"Notable reductions in neurobehavioural performance during shift work and particularly night work have long been recognized. These reductions in performance are thought to be the result of both the sleep disruption associated with shift work3  and the circadian rhythm of performance† (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). In order to maintain physical ability to work, nurses often drink coffee. The profession of a nurse is included in top ten professions, which consume coffee excessively (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). However, excessive coffee consumption can lead to very bad consequences such as increased excitability and dream abnormality. If to remember that nurses usually do not have much time to sleep, these abnormalities may result in more serious diseases. Thus, 12 hours shifts schedule is harmful not only for patients but for nurses itself (What are 12-hour shifts good for?). Despite all these factors, many nurses become irritable, when they are told that it would be better to change their schedule from 12 hours shift to 8 hours shift (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). They like their 12 hours shifts schedule and want to have many consecutive free days to devote them to their families. â€Å""I prefer 12-hour shifts because I am forced to be diligent about my sleep. Very early in my career, I worked 8-hour night shifts -- it was way too easy to keep postponing my bedtime." Another nurse believes that "8-hour shifts are harder because you have stay up 5 nights a week rather than just 3 nights." (cited in Stokowski, 2013). 8 hours shift five times a week seems unsuitable for nurses, thus many of them are against such change in their schedule (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). Those nurses who are over 55 years old are not against the change in schedule. It is difficult for them to work for 12 consecutive hours because of their age (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). Thus they want to have fewer working hours a day. Reid and Dawson state: â€Å"The combined effect of 12 hour shifts and age may result in greater reductions in performance of older than younger workers. If this is the case then there may be serious implications for worker productivity and safety. Considering the increase in the number of older shift workers currently employed and the prediction that this will continue to increase in the future,

Comparison of Israeli and Iraqi Coalition Parliamentary Governments Research Paper

Comparison of Israeli and Iraqi Coalition Parliamentary Governments - Research Paper Example Under such circumstances, in order to avoid political stalemate, small parties may support larger parties to get majority in the parliament and to form the government. Instead of a government led by a single party as in the case of United Sates, a government led by multiple parties (Coalition government) may take charge in countries like India, Israel, Iraq etc. Unlike governments led by single party system, coalition governments cannot function independently because of the different views, opinions, ideologies and policies of the members of the different political parties in the coalition government. This paper compares the influence of ethnic groups or culture upon Israeli and Iraqi coalition governments. Analysis Methodology Iraq and Israel are the two prominent countries in Middle East which have coalition governments at present. However, Israel and Iraq are entirely different countries as far as culture is concerned; Arabs or Muslims dominate the population in Iraq whereas Israe l is the Jews’ state. It should be noted that these two countries have different ethnic groups. Each ethnic group and each region in these two countries have separate political parties which argue for the interest of the particular community or region. Israel is a Jewish country whereas Iraq is a Muslim country. However, clashes in Iraq between different ethnic groups are more than that in Israel even though both the countries have coalition governments at present. I would like to compare the functioning of these coalition governments in order to learn more about the influence of cultural differences upon the functioning of coalition governments. Influence of ethnic groups or culture upon Israeli coalition government Political parties in Israel can be classified into two broad categories; Zionist parties and non-Zionist parties. non-Zionist parties are negligible in number and strength. Labor Zionism (social democrat), Revisionist Zionism (conservative) and Religious Zionism are the major political thoughts among Zionist parties. Out of these three political philosophies, Religious Zionism is comparatively weaker than the other two which is the major reason why the influence of religion upon Israeli politics is comparatively lesser than that in Iraq. Israel’s new coalition government (created in January 2011) has become more conservative in its domestic policy position and more hawkish in its foreign policy stance. A series of events in recent months highlights this trend, including disagreements between Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu and US President Barack Obama regarding an appropriate basis for peace negotiations with Palestinians, Israel’s response to the Hamas-Fatah reconciliation deal, and its response to clashes with Palestinians along its borders in recent months. In addition, the country’s changing demographic profile signals that conservative political groups are likely to exert more influence over the medium-t o-long term as well1. As in the case of many other countries in the world, conservative parties and liberal and democratic parties are more in Israel also. Conservatives normally may not give up their traditional beliefs and tougher stands on global issues easily. On the other hand liberal and democratic parties usually keep a space for accommodating changes in line with the political and economic developments in the world. One of the major curses facing by Israeli politics is the excessive number of political parties which keep extremely different views on

War is a force that gives us meaning Essay Example for Free

War is a force that gives us meaning Essay War, when we confront it truthfully, exposes the darkness within all of us. This darkness shatters the illusions many of us hold not only about the human race but also about ourselves. Few of us confront our own capacity for evil, but this is especially true in wartime. And even those who engage in combat are afterward given cups from the River Lethe to forget. And with each swallow they imbibe the myth of war. For the myth makes war palatable. It gives war a logic and sanctity it does not possess. It saves us from peering into the darkest recesses of our own hearts. And this is why we like it. It is why we clamor for myth. The myth is enjoyable, and the press, as is true in every nation that goes to war, is only too happy to oblige. They dish it up and we ask for more. War as myth begins with blind patriotism, which is always thinly veiled self-glorification. We exalt ourselves, our goodness, our decency, our humanity, and in that self-exaltation we denigrate the other. The flip side of nationalism is racismlook at the jokes we tell about the French. It feels great. War as myth allows us to suspend judgment and personal morality for the contagion of the crowd. War means we do not face death alone. We face it as a group. And death is easier to bear because of this. We jettison all the moral precepts we have about the murder of innocent civilians, including children, and dismiss atrocities of war as the regrettable cost of battle. As I write this article, hundreds of thousands of innocent people, including children and the elderly, are trapped inside the city of Basra in southern Iraqa city I know wellwithout clean drinking water. Many will die. But we seem, because we imbibe the myth of war, unconcerned with the suffering of others. Yet, at the same time, we hold up our own victims. These crowds of silent deadour soldiers who made the supreme sacrifice and our innocents who were killed in the crimes against humanity that took place on 9/11are trotted out to sanctify the cause and our employment of indiscriminate violence. To question the cause is to defile the dead. Our dead counts. Their dead does not. We endow our victims, like our cause, with righteousness. And this righteousness gives us the moral justification to commit murder. It is an old story. In wartime we feel a comradeship that, for many of us, makes us feel that for the first time we belong to the nation and the group. We are fooled into thinking that in wartime social inequalities have been obliterated. We are fooled into feeling that, because of the threat, we care about others and others care about us in new and powerful waves of emotion. We are giddy. We mistake this for friendship. It is not. Comradeship, the kind that comes to us in wartime, is about the suppression of self-awareness, self-possession. All is laid at the feet of the god of war. And the cost of this comradeship, certainly for soldiers, is self-sacrifice, self-annihilation. In wartime we become necrophiliacs. As it happens, Ive just finished reading Mr. Hedges memoir, â€Å"War is a Force that Gives us Meaning†, and its very much of a piece with this, which is to say heartfelt, but overstated, particularly as regards his own country. Mr. Hedges spent fifteen years as a foreign correspondent, covering every war and genocide you can name, and many that few of us can. As just a reminder of these conflicts and of the victims thereof, it is worth reading. However, when he tries to draw broader conclusions he, perhaps understandably, overreacts. The truths that he speaks of above are not the only truths that war exposes, nor are they necessarily the primary truths. Its a truism that war is terrible, but it is just not the case, as even he ultimately must concede, that it is the most terrible thing. It would be dishonest to argue that myth is not an important part of patriotism and the will to war, but consider how much here is not myth. The deads of 9-11 were in fact innocent victims. They went to work one fine morning in September and because of that they were murdered. No amount of scab-picking about past American policy in the Middle East can ever make it so that they deserved to die, can it? Likewise, those who perpetrated that heinous act, al Qaeda, and those who aided them, the Taliban, can not escape moral culpability, no matter what their grievances against the United States. It is an objective truth that at least these victims of ours were innocent and at least those enemies are not. A somewhat better case can be made that the people of Iraq are innocent victims. However, they were victims of Saddam before we liberated themMr. Hedges might wince at the boastfulness of a term like liberation, but there is no reason for us toand their lives are immeasurably better today for our having acted. Who cares more for the people of Basra, those content to stand idly by while Saddam oppressed them or those whove returned their freedom to them? Moreover, far from ignoring the suffering of potential innocents in this war, we took every reasonable (and some perhaps unreasonable) precaution to avoid civilian casualties. If the myths of which Mr. Hedges speaks were wholly true, it would have been simplicity itself to slaughter Iraqis indiscriminately, even to exterminate the population, yet this we did not do. Here is the inescapable problem for Mr. Hedges: give a Hitler, a Stalin, a Milosevic, a bin Laden, a whomever, nuclear weapons and there can be little doubt theyd use them to kill their enemies. Yet we have them and we do not use them (except the twice, sixty years ago). If we had truly become necrophiliacs, as are our foes so often become, why would we not kill to out utmost capacity to do so? The attacks on the World Trade Center illustrate that those who oppose us, rather than coming from another moral universe, have been schooled well in modern warfare. The dramatic explosions, the fireballs, the victims plummeting to their deaths, the collapse of the towers in Manhattan, were straight out of Hollywood. Where else, but from the industrialized world, did the suicide hijackers learn that huge explosions and death above a city skyline are a peculiar and effective form of communication? They have mastered the language. They understand that the use of disproportionate violence against innocents is a way to make a statement. We leave the same calling cards. Corpses in wartime often deliver messages. The death squads in El Salvador dumped three bodies in the parking lot of the Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, where the journalists were based, and early one morning. Death threats against us were stuffed in the mouths of the bodies. And, on a larger scale, Washington uses murder and corpses to transmit its wrath. We delivered such incendiary messages in Vietnam, Iraq, Serbia, and Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden has learned to speak the language of modern industrial warfare. Organized killing is done best by a disciplined, professional army. But war also empowers those with a predilection for murder. Petty gangsters, reviled in pre-war Sarajevo, were transformed overnight at the start of the conflict into war heroes. What they did was no different. They still pillaged, looted, tortured, raped, and killed; only then they did it to Serbs, and with an ideological veneer. Slobodan Milosevic went one further. He opened up the countrys prisons and armed his criminal class to fight in Bosnia. Once we sign on for wars crusade, once we see ourselves on the side of the angels, once we embrace a theological or ideological belief system that defines itself as the embodiment of goodness and light, it is only a matter of how we will carry out murder. The eruption of conflict instantly reduces the headache and trivia of daily life. The communal march against an enemy generates a warm, unfamiliar bond with our neighbors, our community, and our nation, wiping out unsettling undercurrents of alienation and dislocation. War, in times of malaise and desperation, is a potent distraction. George Orwell in 1984 wrote of the necessity of constant wars against the Other to forge a false unity among the proles: War had been literally continuous, though strictly speaking it had not always been the same war. The enemy of the moment always represented absolute evil. Patriotism, often a thinly veiled form of collective self-worship, celebrates our goodness, our ideals, our mercy and bemoans the perfidiousness of those who hate us. War makes the world understandable, a black and white tableau of them and us. It suspends thought, especially self-critical thought. All bow before the supreme effort. We are one. Most of us willingly accept war as long as we can fold it into a belief system that paints the ensuing suffering as necessary for a higher good, for human beings seek not only happiness but also meaning. And tragically war is sometimes the most powerful way in human society to achieve meaning. This is positively bizarre. One might imagine us to have been at war with the Arab world throughout the 90s, and Osama bin Laden to just be responding to our constant attacks. In fact, the truth, as the analysts tell us is the opposite. It was precisely because America was so reticent to respond to terror in any systematic way, so loathe leaving behind the roaring 90s and go to war, that al Qaeda became emboldened. In Mr. Hedge’s account we woke up one day, found our lives lacked meaning, and marched to war with an Islam we suddenly decided to portray as evil. In reality, we woke one day to find the World Trade Center and Pentagon in flames, decided that our lives had a meaning worth defending after all, and set out not to fight all Islam but those who have distorted it into something hateful. When in human history has a leader gone further out of his waymany would argue too farto limit just who the enemy is, to limit the material destruction and civilian deaths, to get aid to the newly liberated peoples, etc. Whenever else have military bombed countries with food and humanitarian supplies? No, to accept Mr. Hedges implicit argument that there is no difference between us and al Qaeda or between Saddam Hussein and George W. Bush is to abandon even the idea of morality. It is too deny that morality exists. Mr. Hedges himself acknowledges this, if not directly, when he disavows pacifism: The poison that is war does not free us from the ethics of responsibility. There are times when we must take this poisonjust as a person with cancer accepts chemotherapy to live. We cannot succumb to despair. Force is and I suspect always will be part of the human condition. There are times when the force wielded by one immoral faction must be countered by a faction that, while never moral, is perhaps less immoral. This is sheer nonsense. A doctor administers poison to the chemotherapy patienthas he not behaved morally? A bystander or a policeman uses force to stop a rapehave they not acted morally just because they used force, which, as Mr. Hedges says, will always be part of the human condition? One nation intervenes with force to stop genocide or a megalomaniac dictatorin what sense is this not a moral act? He closes the chapter by saying: This is not a call for inaction. It is a call for repentance. So we should not stand by and watch as one people slaughter another, but if we use force to stop it we must repent that use of force? What kind of morality is it that holds you guilty if you act and if you dont? The answer is not a serious one. This is mere self-flagellation and pious posturing. Mr. Hedges provides us with a harrowing glimpse of modern war and a salutary warning about how the enthusiasms of war affect all us, but he goes way too far and lapses into absurdity when he demands that we treat all uses of force as immoral

In Good Company Analysis

In Good Company Analysis AOTEAROA TERTIARY INSTITUTE NZIM DIPLOMA IN MANAGAMENT LEVEL 5 LEADERSHIP 630 ASSESSED TUTORIAL : FILM STUDY IN GOOD COMPANY Identify two leaders in the movie? Dan Foreman and Carter Duryea Dan Foreman a) Leadership Style Dan Foreman had charismatic leadership style. According to (Daft, 2008) charismatic leaders are those who have the ability to encourage and motivate other people to do more than there would normally do. Person with charismatic leadership styles has a great concern in scanning and reading their surrounding and are able to pick up the mood and concern of individual and big audience. According to the movie The Good Company Dan took the responsibility to inform the workers when there were fired from their job because he was really concerned about their feeling and he knew he would be able to comfort them since he was the old staff and the staff was hired by him. He also had responsibility towards his family. b) Effectiveness of a leader Dan was considered as a effective leader. He was loyal to his employee and motivate them. Workers respected and trusts him he was outspoken person and stand for his employees. He had a great responsibility towards his family. He love his wife and children lot. He was so effective as a father when he saw Alex and Carter working together at his birthday party he was really concerned about that but didnt say anything. Instead he follow Carter next day to see where he goes and then he saw Carter and Alex having coffee together he got really angry that he punched Carter. He was really concerned about his daughter since she was still in college. c) Type of Power Dan held referent power which comes from leaders personality characteristics and where people respect and admire his ability. Carter who was the new boss for the company respected him lot he also had charisma power which mean it have positive influence on workers. Also has ability to create the chance for interpersonal pressure. d) How the power was used Dan used his power in a good way since he was very effective and when he speaks people would listen to him. People respect him due to his power and leadership style. He tries hard to save his job and company. Also he used his power in good way towards his family. Carter Duryea a) Leadership Style Carter Duryea had transactional leadership style. According to (Daft, 2008) transactional leadership is a exchange process between leaders and followers. Followers needs and desires are recognise and then clarifies is made on how to satisfy it. According to the movie Carter was appointed as the head of marketing for the Sports America magazine so that he can increase the sales for his company. Transactional leader are also considered as task oriented. He didnt have much experience as the head position since he was still young and was in the stage of learning. b) Effectiveness of a Leader Carter was not effective leader since he didnt have experience in the work which he was located since he had experience in his field of work also he was outspoken and was very convincing. He was also facing lot of personal problem since he was so focussed in his professional life and as not able to give time to his wife. He just had a divorce after 7 moth of married. c) Type of Power Carter held legitimate power which means it is a authority that is granted from a well known position in the company. In the movie Carter had a position in the company he was the head of marketing. He held this power because he was very good in decision making, active, intelligent in his work and convinces people. d) How he used his power Carter also used his power in good and effective way. He power was used to motive people and identify common goal of the company. He also misuse his power to cost cut the expense for the company. He started firing the staff. Carter discuss this with Dan and he was really upset and that you cant fire then because those staff are from my time I have hire them. Dan also mention that Iam paid more wages why not fire me instead. And Carter used his power in good way saying that I can fire you but think about responsibility you have. 2) Situation from movie identified that illustrates analysis for each leader. Leadership theories referred to support discussions above. Situation that was chosen from the movie for both leaders were when Dan asked question to Teddy K when he was talking about put one section about computers in sports magazine suddenly Dan interpreted and asked Teddy K what he is trying to say which shows how effective he was while asking question and shows that he was listening to it. Leadership theories that Dan held was influence theories which refers to leadership influence based not on position or formal authority but on the qualities and charismatic personality of the leader( Daft, 2008). Dan didnt held any formal position in the company but people respect him due to his qualities. Another situation was when Carter was discussing about sacking some workers from sales department. As he was a transactional leader he had to follow his companies rules and procedures. He had behaviour theories refers to what a leader actually do on the job and which relates to the content of managerial activities role and responsibilities. Since he was a head of department he had responsibility towards his job. Dan tried to save his old workers and suggested to Carter that his salary is more than workers why not sack him instead of others. But Carter cant do much he had to listen to his boss and follow his orders. 3) Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effects on leaders behaviour? The movie Good Company is about a sports America magazine which is owned by Globecom, it is recognize as a national sports magazine where Dan had worked for 20 years as head of advertising sales department. But due to some problem company is bought by multimedia company and Carter is assign as a new boss. He had one of the most senior position in the company responsible for companies sales and managing staff. Also had power to rewards and punish anyone in the company. In the movie both the leaders are struggling to maintain their position and to get along with each other. Carter is half the age of Dan and he is still young learning the work. He thinks that he could to better for the work therefore he chose to replace Dan who is 51 years old and is a executive in his company. He feels uncomfortable to work with Carter. Carter had highest level of seniority based due to his position in the company and becomes the boss of Dan and all workers has to his instructions and listen to his ord ers (Uk essay,2014). This was due to legitimate power which Carter held. Dan didnt have any legitimate authority after the company was taken over he just had a position on wingman in the company but still he had respect from his colleagues. He was given this position since he had lots of experience in his work. 4) Leadership theories referred to support discussions above. Leadership theory that was illustrate to large extend in this movie was contingency theory. The idea behind this theories is that leaders can analyse their situation and tailor their behaviour to improve leadership effectiveness (Daft, 2008). Leader effectiveness in group is depend on two factors is change in situation and relation motivation or leader task. Leader who have high marks on scale are those people oriented than those who get less mark on scale is task oriented. According to the movie Dan had high mark in least preferred co workers because he was concern about his employees. Even he was ready to leave his job to save his co workers job. Carter had less mark on scale since he was only concern about his task. He hold a position in the company therefore he had to follows orders given by his boss and also be on management side. He doesnt think about workers and fired some employees from the company. 5) Individual culture and its effect. Culture played a very important role in Dan and Carter life. Dan is 51 year old with a very lovely family. He was happily married with two daughters he believed in honesty trustworthiness, charisma, reliability and has respect for everyone. Whereas Carter is 26 year old man newly married and is dumped by his wife just in 7 months of relationship as he had a promotion. Later he is having affair with Dans daughter. He had authority to reward and punish anyone in the company. He is always on management side and workers according to company policies and procedures. This happens in really life in many companies the management level workers are always on company side. Both leaders way of thinking was different Dan was more thinking about building and maintaining relationship. He had a good relationship with his co workers despite some workers been fired from work their still came to attend his birthday party. Dan also had better relationship with his daughter when he saw pregnancy kit in t he dustbin he was so worried and thought that it is Alex. He goes and talk with Alex and tell her that if you have any problem always come and discuss with me. Whereas Carter way of thinking was a corporate world he was thinking about bottom dollar. He didnt think about his personal life he just work hard to get promotion but as soon as he get this his wife leaves him. At the work he was just sacking the staff to reduce the cost and make profit. He was so money minded. 6) Other leadership concepts and ideologies that was identify in the movie ? i) Other leadership concepts and ideologies that was identify in the movie were building and maintaining relationship both personal and professional. Dan was able to balance his relationship both personal and professional he takes out time for his wife and kids often go out and play tennis. Dan keeps his professional life at work and does not discuss anything at home during family time. Whereas Carter was not able to keep his personal and professional life balance. Due to his professional he was not able to give time to his wife which lead to separation after 7 month of relationship. ii) Responsibility was the other concepts Dan had a great responsibility towards his family. He was the only breadwinner in the family he had to look after his wife, two teenage daughter who were in college. His older daughter Alex moved out to live on her own and Dan had to take second mortgage to meet all his expenses. On top of his wife was pregnant with their third child. He also had responsibility towards his work he tried hard to save his job and magazine towards the end of the movie he goes out and do door to door sale. Dan was so concerned towards his daughter when he saw Alex and Carter together he was so angry that he punched Carter he was so protective. iii) Set Example is the other leadership concept that was identified in the movie. Dan set good example to Carter. In the end when Carter was out of job Dan offered him a position in the company. Carter was happy and he said that I will be grateful to get the job and since I have learn so many things from you but he was not sure what he want to do. Dan set good example to Carter in regards to professional life. iv) Respectful is other concept that was identified in the movie. Dan had worked for 20 years in the company and he had lot of respect from all his co workers. Dan had demotion from his position and Carter become the new boss but still all the workers listen to Dan. He was a senior staff and Carter also respected him and was eager to learn more from him. Carter also respected Dans family when the first time he went to visited them he said this the type of family and home Iam looking for. Also other concept can be believing in what you are doing Dan had believe that he can save his job and magazine. He goes out with Carter for door to door sale to save the magazine since he was give 24 hours time. He believe that he can do it and he was able to do it. From this concept we come to know that if you believe in something and works towards it you will be successful in your life. References Daft R L Pirola-Merlo (2008). The leadership experience: Asia Pacific edition 1. Melbourne: Cengage Learning. UK essay (2014) The Whale Rider Movie Theology Religion Essay http://www.ukessays.com/essays/theology/the-whale-rider-movie-theology-religion-essay.php UK Essay (2014) The Lord of The Ring Theology Religion Essay http://www.ukessays.com/essays/theology/lord-of-the-rings-theology-religion-essay.php

The Roles Of Non-Formal Education

The Roles Of Non-Formal Education Gandhi once said that Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. The saying shows that education is undeniably important in our daily life. Without education, we probably still wasting time washing clothes by using hands. Education is not only important for the purpose to get a good job but it is also to make our life easier. The definitions exist of education are numerous. Education to me means learning new things or knowledge, including attitudes and skills. I also believe that all of us are lifelong learners because we actually learn something new every day with or without our realisation. Learning process is not only happening in the classroom but also happen accidently outside the classroom. There are few concepts of education that we can analyze especially the formal education and non formal education. Generally, people know about formal education but unaware of non formal education. Formal and non formal education is two different terms. Formal education is an organized education model, which is systematic, well structured and also administered according to the laws and regulations that are set by the ministry of education (Dib, 1988). As an obvious example is, the education in schools, colleges, and universities are considered as formal education. Formal education institutions are organized curricularly, administratively, and physically and also require the minimum number of students that will attend the class (Dib, 1988). In formal education, the interaction between teachers and students are usually direct with each other. In general, formal education is restricted to a certain credit hours according to each institution and a full time learning process, but still based on the curricular provided by the education department of the country. Other than that, students need to comple te the assessments given by the teachers that lead to some form of qualification and accreditation which will be required to continue to the next learning stage. The assessments are regularly made on a general basis, where it is used for administrative purpose and also to improve the learning process. The method used in formal education normally does not really show the progression of the students. This is because the students are only receiving any information from their teachers and most probably they do not really paying attention since it is a one way interaction. On the contrary, non formal education includes skills and knowledge that are unusual in part throughout formal education whether in primary schools or secondary schools even in higher education institutions (Non-formal Education, 1979). Non formal education can be divided into three broad categories which the first one is oriented activities particularly for development of skills and knowledge of labour force who is employed, secondly, activities that are planned mainly to provide people, predominantly the youth, to get into the job and lastly, activities designed to develop skills, knowledge and understanding beyond the work world (Harbison, 1971). Unlike formal education, non formal education does not require a specific time such as timetable or school hours. It can happen anywhere and anytime as long as the knowledge is passed on. Non formal education does not need the studentà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s attendance and also decreasing the interaction between teachers and st udents because most of the activities happen outside of the institutions, for example, girlà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s scouts or any outdoor activities. Besides, the techniques and materials used in non formal education often do not require a high standard as the typical schooling methods (Non-formal Education, 1979). The process can be conducted by semi-professionals such as activities in religious centres, youth groups, or any voluntary organizations (Non-formal Education, 1979). In view of the fact that non formal education occurs outside the curricular provided by schools, thus the learning process may only use simple and low-cost technologies like story books, radio and others (Non-formal Education, 1979). In addition, non formal education is flexible because it is adaptable according to the condition or situation and also the needs of the society at a time (Non-formal Education, 1979). Non formal education has started at early years of the formation of Malaysia as a country especially during the expansion of Islam in Peninsular Malaya and the Malay islands in the 14th century (Abd. Hamid et al., 2003). Arabian and Indian traders who are Muslims came to the Southeast Asia and spread the knowledge about their religion to the local people (Abd. Hamid et al., 2003). At that time the existence of education institutions called hut school that is developed together by mutual cooperation among the communities and it is not considered as formal education yet. This is the starting point of the non formal education in Malaysia. During the British colonisation, the British administration formed five types of schooling which are Malay Vernacular School, Chinese Vernacular School, School Vernacular India, English Vernacular School and Religious School (Madrasa) (Abd. Hamid et al., 2003). These types of schools are formed as taking into consideration the political, economic, soci o-cultural and religious. After few decades, the non formal education system has been changed along with the modernisation. Nowadays, non formal education has emphasis more on Skill Training Programmes such as Vocational Education, Engineering and Trading. The Malaysian government has built few vocational schools for the children that have more interest in skills related education rather than going to the school and learn things they do not like. At the tertiary level of education, Polytechnics are provided for those who want to complete Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate in skills-based programmes. The newest programme, the National Service Training Programme is established for youth community in Malaysia to develop patriotic, loyal and full with positive attitudes young generation for the future. It is also become a practice for the potential employees to do internship before starting the real job. There are still some religious talks, or campaigns about info rmation that the society may need to know happening in Malaysia. For example, the campaigns about health care, recycle and many others are conducted to educate the society. All of these programmes are specially formed to teach values and knowledge that are not being taught in schools. One of the roles of non formal education is to make a difference in the community by raising the awareness of the changes in environment. Other than that, non formal education also help in providing youth for production activities by way of giving them relevant courses so that can improve themselves to be a better person for the country. Furthermore, non formal education will help to produce generation with good values and attitudes in order to form a developed country. Besides, formal education mostly applies only the theories of the lesson but non formal education let the students explore things by themselves especially in the skills knowledge that will make the students has higher capability in using skills and techniques to perform job. This will result in many potential employees have the skills that can increase the efficiency and productivity of workers in this country and it is also will help the national development especially in producing the best quality of employees that are properly trained to obtain the skills. This means that it can reduce the number of unemployed because they have larger opportunities to get a job which requires skills (Yassin Muhamad, 1990). Non formal education also assists in conveying information that may be regarded not significant to the community that will lead the society into a well-informed society and not be left behind by the modernization of the world. To sum up, non formal education should not be considered as less important because it is in fact as important as formal education. In some situation, non-formal education is the only useful way in the development of skills and knowledge. It also acts as an alternative and normally more effective education and training for formal education. Non formal education may not be fully organized and well structured, but it is still provides important information for the generation. Somehow, non formal education is undoubtedly helps in formal education to make it more proficient for the students to acquire knowledge.

Software Patents Must be Eliminated :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Software Patents Must be Eliminated Software patents threaten to devastate America's computer industry. Patents granted in the past decade are now being used to attack companies such as the Lotus Development Corporation for selling programs that they have independently developed. Soon new companies will often be barred from the software arena--most major programs will require licenses for dozens of patents, and this will make them infeasible. This problem has only one solution: software patents must be eliminated. The Patent System and Computer Programs The framers of the United States Constitution established the patent system so that inventors would have an incentive to share their inventions with the general public. In exchange for divulging an invention, the patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. The patent holder can license others to use the invention, but may also refuse to do so. Independent reinvention of the same technique by others does not give them the right to use it. Patents do not cover specific systems: instead, they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems, or particular features that systems can offer. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder--even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program typically uses many techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. Until recently, patents were not used in the software field. Software developers copyrighted individual programs or made them trade secrets. Copyright was traditionally understood to cover the implementation details of a particular program; it did not cover the features of the program, or the general methods used. And trade secrecy, by definition, could not prohibit any development work by someone who did not know the secret. On this basis, software development was extremely profitable, and received considerable investment, without any prohibition on independent software development. But this scheme of things is no more. A change in U.S. government policy in the early 1980's stimulated a flood of applications. Now many have been approved, and the rate is accelerating. Many programmers are unaware of the change and do not appreciate the magnitude of its effects. Today the lawsuits are just beginning. Absurd Patents The Patent Office and the courts have had a difficult time with computer software. The Patent Office refused until recently to hire Computer Science graduates as examiners, and in any case does not offer competitive salaries for the field.

Trapped by the Views of Others Essay -- Comparative, Howells, Gilman,

In the stories of Editha, The Story of An Hour and The Yellow Wallpaper the realism technique of writing is demonstrated by the omission of fixed, idealistic endings of stories that aren’t realistic. The authors incorporate their characters’ lack of freedom and tragic endings in these stories, which in turn leads readers to experience a realistic conclusion as opposed to an idealistic one. Editha written by William Dean Howells, is a short story of a young woman’s naà ¯ve views about war and heroic love. Editha foolishly wants her fiancà ©e George, to prove his love for her and believes that going to war would be â€Å"the completion of her ideal of him† (p 372). She views love as an act that must be established by a heroic deed as the author states, â€Å"if he could do something worthy to have won her—be a hero, her hero—it would be even better than if he had done it before asking her; it would be grander† (p 372). George’s view on war is much different than Editha’s; he knows that war causes much pain and suffering as his own father lost his arm in the Civil War. When Editha cleverly persuades George to enlist, he loses his freedom as he states, â€Å"I know you always have the highest idea. When I differ from you, I ought to doubt myself† (p 373). At this point George has given up his liberty to follow his own beliefs, he further states, â€Å"There is a sort of fascination in it. I suppose that at the bottom of his heart every man would like at times to have his courage tested; to see how he would act† (p 373). As the story unfolds, George goes off to war only to meet his untimely death during his first skirmish. The ending of this tale is one of realism as opposed to an idealistic one. The ideal ending would have been one in which Georg... ...peration as she finds comfort in the yellow wallpaper. The story ends with the narrator completely going crazy. Her husband unlocks the bedroom door only to find her creeping around in a room full of ripped yellow wallpaper and he faints. The ending of this tale is also one of realism as opposed to an idealistic one. The ideal ending would have been if John would have been wise enough to seek help for his wife as opposed to ignoring her condition due to the fact that he could not acknowledge his inability to help her. In conclusion these stories exhibit three characters’ lack freedom compelled by human nature that one has the right to impose their ideals on others. The tragic endings of these stories demonstrate realistic endings of that time frame. One can only assume that the endings of these stories would be more idealistic in these contemporary times.

Role of Gertrude in Hamlet

Raquel Tuohy Mrs. Pastor AP Lit/Comp 7 April 2013 Hamlet Perhaps one of the most ambiguous characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the queen, Gertrude. She is Hamlet’s mother and the wife of her dead husband’s brother, King Claudius. As the reader, we only see her briefly, but she still manages to be a central figure in Hamlet playing the role of the elusive and sometimes shallow queen. There are several questions surround the life of Queen Gertrude, starting with even before the play, having to do with the death of her husband, Hamlet’s father.When the play starts, she has already remarried to Hamlet’s Uncle Claudius within such a short amount of time. This is rather surprising and revolting to her son Hamlet, who is still grieving over the loss of his father, but it appears that his mother has already moved on. That could only suggest that perhaps Gertrude was cheating on the king with her brother and her husband’s death was all but convenien t for her. The ghost of Hamlet’s father gives his son disturbing information about the queen, calling her â€Å"that incestuous, that adulterate beast,† (Act I, Scene I).However, there is no definitive proof, nor Shakespeare ever addresses it in the play, leaving his audience with a sense of wonder about the queen’s devotion to her husband. The thing that might intrigue the reader the most about the character of Gertrude is why she married Claudius so suddenly after her husband’s death. Was it because she knew that she needed a man to help her rule? Or was the meaning behind the courtship less malevolent than it appears? There lies the most important question: was it true love or was it politics that brought Claudius and Gertrude together?Hamlet paints the picture of Gertrude as an obedient and devoted woman to his father, but his opinion transforms during the queen’s second marriage. Hamlet doesn’t understand why Gertrude, who is labeled as the â€Å"th’imperial jointress† (Act I, Scene I) to the throne of Denmark, would need to marry someone so rapidly when she already wields power in the royal family. Possibly the most haunting question about Gertrude’s character is whether or not she knows Claudius killed her first husband. This also ties in with the question about Gertrude’s fidelity.If she did cheat on the former king with Claudius than chances are she more than likely had a role in her first husband’s death. Claudius would consider her as an accomplice and confide in her, but he never does throughout Hamlet. Furthermore, Gertrude expresses strong emotions about Ophelia and Hamlet, but never for Claudius, which is strange because they are married. Claudius tells Gertrude that he loves her, but she doesn’t return the sentiment, which again is bizarre because they are husband and wife.There are no definitive textual references about Gertrude’s involvement in her firs t husband’s poisoning. It just is another element of Gertrude’s character that is shrouded in mystery. One redeeming quality about the queen is her unwavering loyalty to Hamlet. She loves her son despite his obvious hostility towards her for marrying Claudius. Plus, Gertrude continues to stand behind him even when he lashes out at her, saying the worse possible things a son could say to his mother.When Hamlet kills Polonius in a moment of madness, Gertrude realizes that she has to tell the king that her son was the one who committed the murder, but she lies to her husband to protect her son. She tells Claudius that Hamlet is contrite and â€Å"weeps for what he has done† (Act IV, Scene I), in order to lessen the punishment that is sure to be inflicted on Hamlet by Claudius. In the final scene of the play, Gertrude expresses her deep concern for Hamlet when he wants to duel Laertes who is grieving over the loss of his father and sister and blames Hamlet for their deaths.At the end of the duel, Gertrude even drinks the wine for Hamlet, not knowing it is laden with poison. Or does she? It is still debated by scholars whether Gertrude knew the wine was toxic or not, but regardless, she didn’t have to drink it. She drank it for Hamlet because her maternal instincts triumphed over Claudius’ warning to leave the poisonous glass of wine alone. Another issue that comes up time in time again in Shakespeare’s play is Hamlet’s fascination, boarding on obsession, with Gertrude’s sex life. It’s trange for a son to be interested in what his mother does behind closed doors, but this piqued curiosity seemed to have started around the time of Gertrude’s second marriage to Claudius. Early on in the play, the reader learns that Hamlet is shaken by his mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius, leading Hamlet to believe that the world is contaminated, like an â€Å"unweeded garden† that’s â€Å"g ross and rank in nature† (Act I, Scene 2). Hamlet’s opinion of his mother may color the reader’s view of Gertrude, seeing her as a vile woman who jumps from one man to the next.There are more questions than answers surrounding Gertrude, the queen of Denmark. We don’t know if she was unfaithful or if she was complicit with Claudius in the murder of her first husband. However, the one attribute in Gertrude that nobody can dispute is the depth of love that she posses for her son. Gertrude is Shakespeare’s most mysterious character because she in intricately woven throughout the play, but her motives remain unclear to the readers.

The Versailles Treaty

Climbing from the Versailles accord The Versailles accord was commissioned by Great Britain, France, and a defeated Germevery. Together they hoped the conformity would change Europe and guarantee a nonher universe of discourse war would never happen over again. However, sound over two decades later, once again war engulfed Europe. So, is it logical that the question be asked how did the Versailles agreement help cause creation fight II? The treaty tack much punishment on Ger legion(predicate) by ground outragees, major armed services restrictions, efficient reparations, and the War Guilt Clause. adult male War II was one of the greatest wars of all cadence. whizz of the components that led up to this was German territorial reserve losses. These losses included the color Corridor, Danzig, Alsace Lorraine, and a piece of Denmark. Out of these the Polish Corridor and Danzig afflicted Germany the most because by taking the Polish Corridor it split the country into two par ts, stinging some deal away from their families. Also, the loss of Danzig, a major port city, as well as the loss of forged coal-producing territories, greatly diminished the German economy.This reduce the German coal-production by forty percent. The people that in habituated these lost areas would have a hard life becoming attached to the new rule and being told that they were no longer considered a part of Germany. The peoples had displeasure for the new power along with a lack of loyalty, and being discriminated against. Hitler suggests that Germans should respond to the Versailles accordance with blood shad and valance. He says . . . No state of matter can remove this hand from its throat except by the s phrase. ( medico A) (DOC B) According to hold 160 of the Versailles conformity, the German Army must(prenominal) not comprise more than sevensome divisions of infantry and three divisions of cavalry by no later than March 31, 1920. aft(prenominal) the passing of th is date the total play of German military troops must not exceed one century thousand men, this total includes officers. Also, the total powerful strength of officers, which includes the personnel of staffs, must not go over four thousand.This clause continues with the role in which the regular army should play. The army should be devoted exclusively to the sustenance of order and peace within the territory and to the control of the German frontiers. When the regulations were put into force, Germanys Army weakened. France became the superior military force. Thus, devising the Germans feel insecure about themselves and their protection. These insecurities matte up by the Germans from the military restrictions, added to populace War II, by making them feel less(prenominal) in control.The damage through with(p) during domain War I was very grim and the victorious countries wanted this damage to be paid for by Germany in the aftermath. The Versailles Treaty required Germany to agree that she will achieve compensation for all the damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated powers. This also included their property, during the period of the belligerency (DOC C 1). The reparations that are to be made by Germany were determined by an Inter-Allied Commission, who is to consider the claims and return Germany the opportunity to defend its self.Article 233 states, The Commission shall get down up a schedule of pass onments prescribing the time and manner for securing and discharging the entire obligations within a period of thirty years from may 1, 1921. The amount of reparations set was 132 billion bills mark or $367 billion at the value in 2010. This angered and scummy the Germans who paid very little of the reparations in the 1920s. The amounts were reduced in 1929 (from 1921) to 112 billion notes marks or $341 billion. Within the succeeding(prenominal) three years the Germans paid except two billion gold marks (this does not include American Loans) (DOC C 2).The treaty also states that if Germany fails to meet its obligations any remaining unpaid balance may be postponed for future payment or can be handled in some other manner, that will be determined by the Allied and Associated Government affirm. Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty, also referred to as the War Guilt Clause, pressure Germany to accept the responsibility that they only if caused World War I and that it was their duty to pay reparations to the Allied and Associated Governments affirm(DOC D 1).This clause was the exculpation for reparations. The Germans, on the other hand, saw this treaty, as an atrocious injustice, an evil thing which must be destroyed. (DOC D 2) The knowledge of the treaty was embedded into the minds of the Germans, and only one word can describe how they felt chagrin. This is why German enthusiasm, arising from the Nazi regiment, came from the way Hitler resurrected Germany from the ashes of World War I . He restored their perceive of pride, and their sense of self respect, making the world learn at German anew.Although, the Versailles Treaty was a major component in the set forth of the here and now World War, there were many other components that added to the ignition of the war. The Versailles Treaty alone was the most influential because it caused anger and humiliation throughout the German regiment. The treaty itself was sibyllic to guarantee the prevention of a Second World War, but ended up causing an even bigger spring up than thought, by territorial losses, major military restriction, economical reparations, and the War Guilt Clause.Sources DOC A Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924 DOC B Treaty of Versailles, 1919, Article 160 and German governmental cartoon, 1920 DOC C 1 Treaty of Versailles, 1919, Articles 232 and 233 DOC C 2 chart complied from varied sources including John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920 Charles Mee, the closing of Or der Versailles, 1919 DOC D 1 Treaty of Versailles, 1919, Article 231 DOC D 2 Laurence V. Moyer, Victory Must Be Ours Germany in the Great War 1914-1918, 1995

Myocardial infarction Essay

debased fodder I believe that most of muckle defecate been heard about this name and ache tried it until now. Fast nutrition is the aliment that distribute the sack be prep bed and served very expeditiously, and it may think of to nourishment sold in a restaurant or store with low quality grooming and served to the customer in a packaged create for take-away. At present turbulent victuals becomes a character important in every ceding back of countries around the world including in Siameseland. Fast food now feature in many choices of food in Thai society and culture, for example in economic, job, and health issue.This essay aims to evaluate the effects of disruptive food on Thai culture. Firstly, debased food effects on the Thai economy since we have been profession oversea, also cultural ex heighten amid countries. Western culture put oned Thai by many ways especially foods, because Thailand has been a commerce partnership with foreign countries for a long time. We did heterogeneous ways to develop the country and economy, until now strong food is the most popular and becomes a role important on Thais lifestyle than ever, for instant Thai masses enjoy have Western food for breakfast such as coffee, toast, English tea, and and so onFast food which comes from the foreign in enfranchisement form and located in many places in Thailand, they are many fast food merchandise growing such as McDonalds, Burger King, KFCs, Pizza Hut, taco Bell etc. More and more people are desiring fast food more than early(a) restaurants making them go out of buisness ect because of the outlay comparison in the hard times we are facing right now. It directly has an effect to economy, counterbalance is have a balance of trade deficit because most of fast food owner in Thailand is foreigners so, we loose half of the profits to them.Another affect is unhealthy Lifestyle, Buzzle(2009) has written eating fast food and leading a sedentary lifestyle leads t o obesity. obesity leads to other complications like increase in the cholesterin level, blocking of the arteries, the increased risk of coronary diseases, in addition to the general physical discomfort be by the extra weight. Fast food is also addictive and hence it is very difficult to give up on their greasy and fatty foods and change drinks and switch to healthier options. As well as increased blood pressure,Buzzle(2009) also says most of these quick and agreeable meals contain noble amount of atomic number 11, which increases and aggravates the risks of high blood pressure. According to the recommendations of the internal Research Council of the National Academy of sciences 1,200 1,500 mg of sodium is the daily sodium requirement for adults. Keeping these figures in mind, you should also fuck that the regular gameboard salt that we consume contains 40% sodium and a single teaspoon of table salt contains 2,300 mg of sodium. Although the body requires minimum quantities o f sodium, withal much sodium contributes to high blood pressure.sodium can also lead to building-up of fluids in consequence of people who are suffering from people with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease. Besides, Thai tralatitious recipes being forgotten and a big change in eating habits. However, there are advantages of fast food which convenience and saving time, it provides us the food rapidly and fast food is more convenient to find and purchase than healthy food. Second, is the number of fast food restaurants gave job opportunities to many Thai workers.

Roles of Women in the Early Europe

In early, me breachval Europe, day-to-day deportment and the duties of passel were greatly polar than they be today. Obviously, there was no engineering and solemnize was a grapple simpler. How invariably, al close of the condition ship canal of deportment argon non everlastingly praised as some(a)thing good. For example, women during the while were treat precise inadequately. Yes, this has happened in save much than or less each purchase order in hi write up, neertheless it seems want most women during this stoppage were utilise and disrespected more than nonably than in others. In Philippa Gregorys novel, The modern(prenominal) Boleyn daughter, this basis is seen greatly.In the story, the narrator, bloody shame, is f terminus for her sister, Anne, later(prenominal) she is sentenced to demolition for producing an incest muff so matchlessr of a pa character for the magnate, mogul total heat. bloody shame, invoke for her sister, yells ex pose We did postal code more than that was ordered. We entirely ever did as we were com objet dartded. Is she to die for cosmosnessness an yielding young cleaning woman? (Pg. 650). During this period period, more women in the august apostrophizes were use to score virile person inheritors, generally to dungeon the list of the king and the family continuing.I bullneckedly scram with the quotation by bloody shame because cleanup position a adult manful being for a undercoat much(prenominal)(prenominal) as that is mean and women ar non mediocre objects for men. In the story, atomic number 1 did collect a prime(prenominal) to get the better of Anne or not, yet I tacit wherefore he did end up plectronings her life. When bloody shame claims that the cardinal Boleyn girls did as they were commanded, something dis distinguish to my attention. bloody shame was all t older sensible in tell that. Anne and bloody shame were generally retri only w henive use to educate in a son. some(prenominal) members of their family, including their uncle, demanded for whiz of them to freighter the king.At startle it was bloody shame who had an single-valued function with the already wed king. til now though Mary comes two tykeren, unity and only(a) being a boy, it is not rule-governed referable to the occurrence that Mary is average now a schoolmistress and not the hassock. When he was through with(p) with Mary, fe potent monarch henry go on to Anne, who was more primed(p) to bugger off queen and birth the tiddler be legitimate. She in the end becomes the fagot of England, plainly it is turn up that hydrogen was just utilise her for her child after he defeats her. I do not consent with this plan by whatsoever(prenominal) means. However, this was a mutual role for women at the clip. pansys and august families were so bear on just about belongings their consult deprivation in the hail that the y would jeopardize the lives of women in doing so. You would trust that one of fag hydrogens sevensome wives would pick up on this course of study at some point, or any(prenominal) woman in any court for that matter. It seems manage women were treated as objects in the gallant courts. The women were the croc plenteousness that ready the kings lather. And, if that stew was not one coulomb share correct, the croc skunk would be rear apart and replaced with a new one.I do not tactile sensation this is virtuously acceptable at all. I render that kings cute to begin a male heir to nurture the chassis spill, precisely they should have had to sleep with that chore so viciously. In this case, I do not deem with queen total heats tactical manoeuvre at all, save I get word why he violent deathed Anne. I hope that it was so popular to bump or kill a wife for such crimes as fornication or incest that heat content had no choice, moreover to kill her. He was a really strong, find man with a heady temper for being so.By decapitate Anne, he was retaining his reputation, besides similarly proved that it was never accepted love in the midst of him and Anne. He had women lie up to take the place of Anne. He is at her hearth all night. He is as he was in the old days, when it was her. (656). This reference just proves the concomitant that henry wanted aught more of Anne than a son, which is a usual motif of the roles of women during this time period. I do not learn with the ideal of utilize women for the yield of male heirs because it is criminal and women should not be viewed as objects.That is a major infrastructure in The another(prenominal) Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory. It is plethoric end-to-end the story and in storey that King Henry of England apply women as devices employ to produce male heirs. This was as well as seen passim history. Kings were so persistent to keep their represent going tha t they would exercise their wives for such faults as not producing a boy, or in this case, parturition an incest baby. The kings had to exert a strong reputation. I determine that, but do not ensure with how they did so.