Superfund sites Essay Example for Free

Superfund sites EssaySuperfund sites are defined as any land in the U. S that has been polluted by hazardous hazardouss and requires putting to death process as it poses as risk to human health and the environment, (Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA), 2007). One of the sites in the state of Texas (Superfund info Systems, 2007), is the BAILEY WASTE DISPOSAL (EPA ID TXD980864649). National Priorities Listing (NPL) had got the site listed on 5th October 1984.According to BAILEY WASTE DISPOSAL (ORANGE COUNTY) TEXAS(2008), the site has a population of 7,600 people which is within 3 miles. The site is a marshy area near the Neches River and the Sabine Lake, occupying 10 acres. Some of the main contaminants in the area are benzene, metals, phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbons in soil, arsenic compounds, naphthalenes and pyridines. The waste volume is about 156,000 cubic yards. The contaminated media was sediments and solid waste.If the site is not suited for human exposure then a study is infra taken to hit for contamination and the posing risk to human health. Some of the risks posed by these contaminants are as follows, direct contact (causes cancer), surface contact (marsh have been effected) and under(a)seal water (contains organic compounds and metals). The remedy was put into place in June 1998 which consisted of consolidation of sediments that were affected from marsh, drains, channels and drum disposals.The next step involved stabilization of waste and construction of to cover the stabilized waste. Some of the other remedial activities undertaken were evaluation of soil and waste, relocation and consolidation of shallow wastes, clay dike construction, construction of roads, shutting of piezometers wells and wastewater treatment plant constructions that includes decontamination of water active area storm waters and dewatering operations from ground water.There is also a unvarying monitoring of air to check if action levels are not exceeded on t he site. Some of the activities that were achieved during 8th February 2006 and 1st May 2006 are excavations of affected and waste sediments which were transported or relocated to industrial landfills for disposal and solidification, verification of waste and sediments. This process also included placement of soil cover. The deletion process has been successfully done on the 15 October 2007.The non-residential land included 10 acres. The major milestones of the site are present status of the site are Final Assessment Decision was taken on the 15 October 1984. This is followed by the Final remedial action on the 16th December 1996. The human exposure control is underway presently. The contamination groundwater migration under control report says that this site is not a ground water site and finally the construction has been declared complete as of 14 family line 1998.After the complete remedial process some of these sites may or may not be used for recreational purposes. These sites then come under non-residential use, residential use or land reuse. Once the complete risk analysis is done the EPA takes the action of controlling any human exposure until the cleanup process is done. At the BAILEY WASTE DISPOSAL (ORANGE COUNTY) TEXAS, site as of now has human health and environment protections and safety under control and there is no potential risk to human health or the environment.ReferencesU. S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2007). Superfund. What is a Superfund site?. Retrieved on 22 February 2008 from http//epa. custhelp. com/cgi-bin/epa. cfg/php/enduser/std_adp. php? p_faqid=172p_created=1065036363p_sid=OMReyNZip_accessibility=0p_redirect=p_lva=p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD0xMDUmcF9wcm9kcz0mcF9jYXRzPSZwX3B2PSZwX2N2PSZwX3NlYXJjaF90eXBlPWFuc3dlcnMuc2VhcmNoX25sJnBfcGFnZT0xp_li=p_topview=1Superfund information Systems (2007). Superfund Site Progress Profile BAILEY WASTE DISPOSAL (EPA ID TXD980864649). Retrieved on 22 Februa ry 2008 from http//cfpub. epa. gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo. cfm? id=0602911 BAILEY WASTE DISPOSAL (ORANGE COUNTY) TEXAS (2008). EPA ID TXD980864649. Site ID 0602911 Bridge City. EPA REGION 6. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT 02. Retrieved on 22 February 2008 from http//www. epa. gov/earth1r6/6sf/pdffiles/0602911. pdf

Types of Psychologists, Therapists and Counsellors

Types of Psychologists, Therapists and CounsellorsPsychologists, counselors, social cash in ones chipsers, and psychiatrists all work to help peoplewhat is the difference between these professions? Psychologist An attending health professional solicitous with the scientific inquiry of behavior and its associated mental development, along with memory, rational and irrational thought, intelligence, learning, personality, perceptions and emotions and their relationship to behavior. Psychologists work scientifically, to examine how people act and to consider what motivates them to react that way. To last be a psychologist significant to achieve a certificate/license by earning a masters or doctorate degree. There is non only one precise classification of a psychologist, there be quite a few classifications, and for each one of the following subsections additional nurture is necessaryClinical Psychologist is both a ingredientral practice and a health service plyr specialty in pro fessional psychology. Clinical Psychologists provide professional services for the diagnosis, assessment, evaluation, treatment and prevention of psychological, emotional, psychophysiological and behavi spontaneous disorders. To emerge as an accredited clinical psychologist it is necessary to detect an undergraduate degree (4 5 days of college) and a doctorate degree in psychology (4 -7 days of college).Counselling psychologist is the applied branch of psychology that facilitates lifelong personal and interpersonal functioning, focusing on emotional, social, vocational, educational, developmental issues and concerns related to health. Its central focus is on ordinary and normal developmental issues but likewise in dysfunctional and unusual problems related to the individual, the family, the meeting or the organizational pitying experience. Being a certified counselling psychologist you first have to acquire a bachelors degree in psychology. Next a masters is needed to be achi eved. Lastly it is required to seize a doctorate. As a whole it is 8-10 years of college.educational psychologist is psychology that is concentrated upon individuals advancement, academy scholarship, instruction approach, leadership, and evaluation of aptitude and progress by standardized tests. ( 2014 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated). To eventually be an educational psychologist a bachelors degree, a masters in educational psychology and a doctorate in educational psychology is needed.Forensic psychologist is the psychological evaluation of human beings who are involved, in any way, with the judicial organization ( 2014 American mental Association). It is a must to earn a degree in psychology. As verbalise above its a bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees. You have to train in forensic course and take the exams. It is also recommended that you have a minor in law. Many psychologist acquire a doctorate of the pair, law and psychology. As a result of this being a reasonably new field of operations it is suggested that the forensic psychologist pursue their education through with(predicate)out their careers.Health psychologist help patients manage chronic disease and avoid preventable diseases by incorporating psychological theory and interrogation to develop methods to assist patients in maintaining healthy lifestyles. (Brandi-Ann Uyemura, 2011). A graduate, bachelors and doctorate in psychology are mandatory. A great number of states mandate those who want to clinically practice to complete one year of supervised internship.Occupational psychologist the study of human performance at work, as well as ergonomics, selection procedures, and the accouterments of stress. You are mandated to require a masters degree in psychology, a degree in business management, organizational psychology, mediation, and employment law. You must also have work experience. It is required to have 2 to 3 working internships. Then after all educational requirements a met you must take an oral state given by the state board. California is the only state that is no longer required to take the exam to become licensed.Counselors A hooked man or woman that consults people as their career. An associates degree in psychology leave get you a counseling certificate. If you dissolve to specialize in like family, marriage, crisis or any specific counseling field you would have to obtain your masters or even your doctorate depending on what field you choose to go into. Social Workers are qualified men or women that help others from very young to very old during hard time in their lives and keep them from harm. Each state has their own bound of rules for becoming a social worker. I live in Texas so I selected to query that criteria. You are required to obtain a bachelors degree in social work. It has to be from a school that is CSWE- accredited social work program. When you are in your last semester you need to apply to the Texas Board to take the Association of S ocial Work Boards Licensing examination. It is also required to have a wicked history check. After graduation you are eligible to be licensed as a licensed Baccalaureate Social Worker. You may so obtain a job in your intended area of practice. You have to state your intended job description to the Texas Board. Then it is required to work under canonic supervision until 3,000 hours of experience is accumulated. Depending on your intended field you may have to obtain a masters. After all education and hours are complete you then take a required examination, either the generalist examination or the clinical examination.Psychiatrists is a medical doctor that specializes in the treatment of mental disorders. first base get a bachelors degree. You do not have to specifically study in psychology but whatever you choose to major in it is recommended that you take physics, chemistry, and biology. This is to get you ready for medical school admissions. It is recommended that you voluntee r at one of your local health centers or hospitals to demonstrate a token of leadership skill while gaining experience working with patients. This helps with your application to medical school. You must complete a 4 year medical school. That is 2 years of class room and laboratory instruction and 2 years of supervised clinical experience. After medical school you must go through 4 years of residency. That is a post-doctoral training. The APA states that psychiatrist must be state licensed physicians. This is done by passing the Medical Licensing Examination. Each state has a set of procedures to go by. Psychiatrist should continue education during their careers in order to stay up to date with the industry trend and theories. Continuing Education is required for transition Board Certification and may also be required to renew licensure.Based on what I have learned in this study no I do not indirect request to go into any part of this field study. though I respect it great, I do n ot wish to go that many years of schooling, I do not wish to be nearly that many people in the world. I have been around the psychology world most of my life. I have observed it, and I have experienced it. Ive been to social workers, psychologist, counselors, I have taken my dad, my son, and at once myself to a psychiatrist. Im a good listener, I can be around people one on one. Even maybe four if I know the people. This would not be a good field for me to be in. I believe psychology could help me to be able to restrict my anxiety around people. I want to become an account and eventually own my own business. I want a successful business. With the help of my psychiatrist and therapy I know upon completion of this degree I will be able to obtain a job in my field of study. I will reach my goal of becoming a CPA and I will one day open an office of my very own.My thoughts on the relative mildew of nature and nurture is that it varies from person to person. You get traits passed down to you from your parents, grandparent, and past generation. Such as eye color, hair color, facial features, your height and more of your bodily features. I dont believe that we get who we are from our parents or any family member, I believe a person becomes who they are meant to be because of the experiences they go through in their life.My grandfather was an alcoholic he was also a heavy smoker, all of his childrens lives, all of my childhood, until he took his own life. Out of five of his children cardinal of them became alcoholics, the other three became smokers. I do not believe alcoholism is hereditary or even smoking, I do believe the addictive gene is hereditary. It goes on to my mom and dad were both heavy smokers, they had six kids, two of them became smokers (identical twins), one became a snuff dipper. The other nothing. I cant theorize we never tried anything, but we have never been addicted to anything or gone back to anything thing, tried it and left it.The twins al l though they are identical could not be more different personality wise. Robert is more of an outgoing person while Timothy is a stay at plateful kind of person. They both work, but other than that Timothy is very shy and only goes home and plays on his computer. While Robert also plays on his computer he will get out and about too. Robert is more inclined to go to a concert, or party you wouldnt find Timothy there. Not unless Robert utterly just drags Timothy to a function will he go. Robert was able to quit smoking all on his own, Timothy cannot, absolutely refuses to lay the cigarettes down. Though I us to be as close to them as peanut butter is to jelly, I now to not get to see them that much. Im sure if I was around them more I could find even more differences in them. Who knows I might even find more likenesses in them then I think.Works CitedPsychologist. (2000). In The Royal Society Of Medicine Health Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?qurl=http%3A% 2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Frsmhealth%2Fpsychologist%2F0Psychologist (2009). (5th edition ed.). Richmond Crimson Business Ltd. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/189241386?accountid=3783 2014 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, online 2014 American Psychological Association, Jane Tyler Ward, PhD. Retrieved from http//www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psn/2013/09/forensic-psychology.aspx Copyright 2003- 2014 Education Portal. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved. Retrieved from http//education-portal.com/articles/Forensic_Psychologist_Education_Requirements_and_Career_Information.htmlUyemura, B. (2011). An Overview of Health Psychology. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 27, 2014, from http//psychcentral.com/lib/an-overview-of-health-psychology/0007535

Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Facing It Managers Computer Science Essay

Most Important Cyber protection Vulnerability Facing It Managers Com dedicateer acquisition EssayVulnerabilities to exploitation in modern computers be varied. They range from web server vulnerabilities that allow attackers to take over the web server to very educate side channel exploits that give things like packet timing or instantaneous power consumption to glean confidential information from computers. Vulnerabilities appear in the client softw ar that members of an system of rules use to get their jobs d superstar. The conclusion of this paper is that un scraped client side softw be is the most important cyber protective cover vulnerability facing the IT connection straightaway. Since all modern organizations (companies, non-profits or government activity entities) use computers and ne iirks as part of everyday operations, this vulnerability is applicable to all of them. For this reason, this paper does not focus on a particular organization or industry.Vulnerability v s. ThreatCybersecurity vulnerability is defined as weakness in a computer hardware or bundle system that plunder be exploited. This is different than a threat. A threat is the way in which vulnerability is exploited. An example of a cybersecurity threat is spyware or malware being introduced into a computer. Vulnerability is the weakness in the computers systems that allowed the threat to succeed. This paper focuses on the vulnerabilities, not the threats. Vulnerabilities nates be very expensive. The 2009 Computer Security show / Federal Bureau of Investigations Computer Crime and Security Survey reports that average losses per respondent were $234,244, although that number was down from the previous year (Peters, 2009). Cybersecurity vulnerabilities can be present in any part of a computer systems software or hardware. According to the SANS institute, the number of vulnerabilities discovered in software applications far number those found in operating systems. (Top security ri sks-vulnerability exploitation trends). This is because operating systems tend to be more long lived and therefore more tested than applications. Vulnerabilities can overly be more sophisticated than the normal vulnerabilities we read about often. For example, one can determine what operands are being makeed by a computer by monitoring it instantaneous power consumption. This, along with a knowledge of what algorithms are being processed can lead to the guessing of an encryption let out (Brooks, 2010). Once the encryption key is guessed, files and communications involving that host could be decrypted. Another unusual vulnerability is the fact that keystrokes are sent across communications networks one at a time, so that if one captures the communications of an ssh session, the keystrokes can be guessed based on the time between them and the layout of a QWERTY keyboard (Brooks, 2010).The Origin of VulnerabilitiesMost vulnerabilities advance because of programmer error. One of the most common errors that cause cybersecurity vulnerability is called buffer overflow. In buffer overflow, more data is provided as input than the program is expecting. This causes a corrupted stack and can allow an attacker to inject rouge code. The use of modern programming languages and proper coding techniques can eliminate the curtain raising of buffer overflow, but there is vast amount of software out there that has this vulnerability, Much work has gone into mitigating and keeping this type of vulnerability to exist in software, or if it exists, to not be exploited. Vulnerabilities that appear in software may not be the result of programmer error. They may be inserted into software applications purposely by dishonest employees of software vendors. The fact that there is not much reporting of the discovery of such vulnerabilities does not mean they dont exist. Consider the factors that might prevent a software vendor from publicizing the discovery of deliberate malicious code in one of their products. There are liability issues and the companys reputation would have if such a thing became known (Franz, 2008).Human VulnerabiltiesVulnerabilities that allow malicious actions to take place on an organizations computer systems sometimes have nothing to do with hardware or software. An organizations personnel can be a sizable cybersecurity vulnerability as well. Since it is the organizations personnel who implement any cybersecurity measures that are dictated from the CIO staff, it is they that are the key to the cybersecurity plans effectiveness. If people are practicing dangerous activities on the organizations computers, then all the planning in the world drug abuse prevent bad things from happening. There are factors that contribute to the cybersecurity vulnerabilities that personnel contribute to. One study divided these factors into nine areas, external influences, human error, management, organization, performance and resource management, policy iss ues, technology, and training (Kreamer, Carayon, Clem, 2009). The authors make the gratuity that not all vulnerabilities are caused by bad programming. Personnel issues are a big factor, also. Take, for example, the Stuxnet bend that infected the Iranian nuclear facilities and has reportedly caused practically of damage and has delayed the Iranian nuclear development. The cyberdefenses that the Iranian IT security staff put in place were circumvented by the actions of at least one employee. The worm was introduced via an infected flash drive (Paulson, 2010). All the perimeter defense in the world wont work if an insider does something wrong either intentionally or unintentionally.Impacts of Vulnerabilities on OrganizationsSome of the cybersecurity vulnerabilities faced by an organization largely depend on what type of business that organization is engaged in. For example, if an organization has a large front end in online commerce (Amazon, New Egg) it has more vulnerability to web based attacks than an organization that doesnt use the internet for commerce. An organization that possesses unique hardware, for instance an electric proceeds or a hospital, has vulnerabilities that most organizations dont face.Regardless of the type of business an organization engages in and the associated vulnerabilities that are unique to that type of business, a modern organizations day-to-day operations are performed on computers. Computers and networks are at the core of every process that a company uses to do business. Most managerial and technical employees of any organization have access to and use a computer for performing his or her work. There are internal web sites and email systems that allow communications between employees. Employees use these computers to do research and purchase products from web sites. This requires that these computers be connected to the internet.The Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Unpatched Client SoftwareBecause internet conne cted computers are ubiquitous in an organizational setting, these computers moldiness be kept up to date with relevant security patches to prevent attacks a producest known vulnerabilities. For a large organization, this can be a daunting task. The fact that a patch exists for a vulnerability means that the vulnerability has been found and probably publicized. This means that the entire galley slave community has access to the exploit and there is a good chance more attacks exploiting this vulnerability will be launched. This makes it imperative that the patch be put in place quickly. Failure to do this leaves an organization open to This is why the SANS institute ranked as the number one vulnerability facing organizations today (as of 2009) unpatched client side software (Top security risks executive summary, 2009). The number two ranked vulnerability was internet facing web sites. SANS also stated that on average, major organizations are taking at least twice as long to patch cl ient side vulnerabilities than they are to patch operating systems (Top security risks executive summary, 2009). Because the unpatched client software vulnerability is not industry or business class dependent it is applicable to any company, non-profit organization or government entity. For this reason, the discussion of unpatched client side software does not focus on a particular class of organizations.Unpatched client side software can be exploited in many different ways. One of the more popular methods is by use of directed email attacks called spear phishing. In a spear phishing attack, a computer user is sent an email intended to entice the user into opening an attachment or clicking on a link that results in malware being installed on the users computer. When the user opens the attachment or clicks on the link, vulnerabilities in the client software on his or her computer are exploited to gain access to the users machine or the entire corporate network. The exploited vulner abilities may be in any client software such as browsers, entry readers, or image viewers. These types of attacks are a common method of gaining footholds into corporate networks (ICS-CERT, 2011) and were the method used to launch some well publicized attacks, like the good morning attack against Google, Adobe and other tech companies (Zetter 2010). While the Aurora attack was not enabled by unpatched client software (it used previously unknown, or range in day vulnerabilities in Microsoft Internet Explorer to enable the exploit), it is relevant to this discussion because the methods used in this attack have been published, making it easy for other attackers to reprize it. This makes it imperative that patches are employ in a timely manner to prevent it.There are two main problem areas that contribute to the large amount of unpatched client software that remains in use in an organization. The first is that the software vendors sometimes do not publish patches in a timely manner . The second is that once a patch is issued by a software vendor, the patch does not get deployed to the organizations computers for various reasons. As an example of software vendors not fixing vulnerabilities quickly enough, a company called TippingPoint (now a part of Hewlett Packard) recently released the details of 22 unpatched security vulnerabilities. Some of these vulnerabilities had been reported to their developers over two and half years ago (Keizer, 2011). TippingPoints Zero Day Initiative buys exploits from independent researchers. They also sponsor contests that reward the best exploits. They then provide their customers protection from these exploits and declare the developer of the targeted software of the existence of the vulnerability that allowed the exploit to work. When a patch is issued by a software vendor, it then has to be applied to an organizations infrastructure in nightspot to be effective. The application of patches does not always happen quickly for several reasons. One reason is that the application of patches is disruptive to the organizations operation. The patches must be vetted by the security personnel and tested by the IT department. Testing patches prior to deployment is critical in avoiding incompatibility problems which would disrupt the organization even more. Another reason that patches dont get applied quickly is that they may not be compatible with in-house operating software. For instance, if Microsoft announces an upgraded browser that fixes many security holes, an organization may not be able to use it because internal software such as an accounting or HR system that they use is not compatible with it.How to Prevent Unpatched Client Software VulnerabilitiesOrganizations can deal with the problem of unpatched client software by being proactive in subscribing to a service that informs them of the existence of new vulnerabilities and in creating and implementing a patch management process. A patch management proce ss is a multifaceted one. The following elements must be included in the patch management process (Gerace and Cavusoglu)Senior Executive Support. Without which this, no process can succeed.Dedicated Resources and Clearly Defined Responsibilities. If there is no staff assigned to the patch management process, it wont get done.Creating and Maintaining a Current Technology Inventory. This helps the patch management team determine which and how many systems need to be patched.Identification of Vulnerabilities and Patches. This allows the team to be alert of what patches are applicable to the organizations machines.Pre-deployment testing of patches. This should be done in a controlled environment to prevent adverse side effects.Post-deployment scanning and monitoring. This gives an indication of the effectiveness of the patch.As with any other business process, the patch management process must be audited by the use of measurements and metrics. Key metrics include severity/priority inci dents associated with mission-critical application outages for inaccurate patching (Colville, 2010). Measuring the effectiveness of the patch management process then leads to modifications to it that improve the effectiveness.ConclusionOf the many different cybersecurity vulnerabilities that face organizations in todays world, unpatched client side software is the most dangerous. This is because this type of vulnerability threatens all organizations, regardless of the type activities they are engaged in. If they utilize computers, then this vulnerability must be addressed to prevent cybersecurity exploitation.

Do extracurricular programs reduce the stress of students

Do extracurricular programs reduce the song of studentsLife as a student is resplendent with assignments, essays and study. non to mention all the extracurricular activities that has to be d wiz. Of course, as a student, a common problem that female genital organt be avoided is touching deform. In the beginning of this paper, it result discuss and explain closely vehemence and source of distort. Studies and statistical evidence argon given to proof that students around the world be facing the equivalent problem stress. Next, this paper allow discuss about how stress is reduced. thither are about method such as the coping strategies, General reading Syndrome and theory of relaxation. In this dispel of the paper, we go forth go through these ways of coping in details and relate it to the life of a student. The students kitty drug ab commit these methods to attend them reducing, deal with the stress.The conclusion of this essay will evaluate and conclude about the s tress reducing ways. Most of the student cant handle their stress be comprise out they said that there are no ways to confront stress, but this essay clearly shows that there are ways that can be utilise to cope with stress. In the end, this essay emphasized the importance of coping with stress as it helps students to do well in their academic. With clear understanding, perchance students will non experience stress as appalling as today in the future.A research entitled Colleges Students Academic focusing and Its Relation to Their Anxiety, Time prudence And Leisure Satisfaction conducted by Dr. Ranjita Misra(PhD CHES)1and Michelle McKean2among 249 Midwestern University undergraduates. respondent were randomly chosen from the university index list. The research shows that the stress among the colleges students highly increases nationwide (Sax, 1997). Students reported stress at the peak at predictable times each semester with the most sources of academic stress resulting from r ank competition, the bulky amount of content to master in a little amount of time and taking and studying for exams (Abo social functionrie, 1994 Archer Lamnin, 1985 Britton Tesser, 1991 Kohn Frazer, 1986). When stress is professed depressingly or becomes too much, students experience physical and psychological harm (Murphy Archer, 1996). Generally, high stress was experienced as a result of ego-imposed stress and pressure, not because of conflict, dissatisfaction and pressure. The result of the research also shows that in general, female students facing slight trying moment than male students, proven that female students deal with their stress better, some correlation can be seen based on how they perceived stress, exert their time well, to a greater extent than the male students. Leisure activities such as sports, singing, hanging out with friends and doing residential area services successfully repress down academic stress among college students. Apart from that, an ae sthetic surroundings and recreation benefits also contributed to lessen stress. Tested in the research, time management behaviours had greater effect to minimize academic stress compared to outdoor activities (leisure, sports, and community services). But it is also different between male and female students. Previous studies confound shown that problem solving is an authorised coping schema that can reduce, minimize, or pr until nowt stress by enabling a person to better manage daily problematic situations and their emotional effects (DZurilla Sheedy, 1991).There are proofs that extracurricular activities can helps to decrease the stress experienced by the students but the research also shown that extracurricular activities is not the best way that can be make use of by students to lessen their stress. In MARA College Banting (MCB), the extracurricular activities are known as the CAS plan. CAS is the abbreviation for creative, action and services. all(prenominal) MCB students are required to do 180 hours of CAS programmes. As students, they cant escape themselves from studying and not to mention, the stress. CAS programmes should help the MCB students to reduce their stress but how and to what ex lam does this programme help. punctuateStress is sort of similar with the concept of love. It can be felt, but it cant be described. It is the state of being in pressure resulted from things that hazard around them. match to Hans Selye, stress is a concept which has suffered from the mixed blessing of being too well known and too little understood3. Well, parents chat about the burden raising children, teachers talk about the pressure in school, workers talk about low salary and students talk about the endless assignments. These are the indicator that stress is eerywhere. Selye also divided stress into two, named them eustress and distress. Eustress refers to the positive stress where it is essential to go through this kind of stress. Example of eustress is hint neuronic about get married or feeling nervous about scoring a penalty in a football match. Meanwhile, distress is the negative stress, which is not honest to ones health. Example of distress is worrying because not ready for examination or failing a interrogatory.Sources of StressThere are many sources or things that can be the source of stress. The changes, whether it is pleasant or unpleasant, that happen around us can appear to be the source of stress. Deaths, family, studies, workplace, all this guard their own parcel to stress. Traumatic events such as death or natural disaster (floods, drought, and tornado) can be last longer and give to a greater extent impact to one person. It can happen sharpenly or indirectly to a stressor. Some research shown that stress cause by daily activities can be much stressful compared to main events such as death. Missed a bus or forgot where you keep your keys can be real tense to some people.How Stress Is ReducedBlazing the tr ail, we are going to look at the General Adaptation Syndrome, also known as GAS, identified by Selye (1976). GAS is a non-specific physiological defendion that occurs to a range of nerve-racking stimuli. Overall, the GAS is divided into three phases. The first phase of GAS is the Alarm Reaction. Basically, the stimuli that causes stress is detected, the hypothalamus of the brain reacts in two ways it activates pituitary gland to waive adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), stimulated adrenal gland to activate adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids and this will hinder immune system reaction, inhibits tissue irritation and releases energy from the liver. The other reaction of the hypothalamus is it activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, makes the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, preparing the person with flight or fights reactions of increased eye and breathing rate, includes blood pressure and ponderousness tension. Usually phas e one takes place without one realising it, except if they were in emergency such as being punish or involved in a fight. percentage point two comes to pass aft(prenominal) Alarm Reaction, which is called the Stage of Resistance, where the body retain arousal at a lower level. This stage however, is different depends on the individual itself. Behavioural coping flare maybe different between two individual. Optimal arousal theory states that up to a level stress can provide a adept motivating effect that helps deal with the source of stress. Mentioned earlier, different people use different coping strategies, some exploit problem-focused strategies and deal with the source of stress and some become accustomed to emotion-focused strategies and travail to deal with its effects. Besides, some people have type A constitution that create and maintain high level of stress in their life (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974). These people are usually insistent, spirited and highly obsessed per fectionists who will not entrust and are intolerant towards others. Hardy face-to-faceity (Kobasa, 1979) suggests that people that people are less exposed to end product of stress because they have vast sense of control over, more positive spot towards nerve-racking dealings. Controlling the sense during the stressful event can helps to reduce the effects of stress. Apart from that, gender and cultural factors may be at variant in the sum and category of stress experienced. For example, men that sociableize more may have less difficult to deal with their stress. Lets go into phase three, the Stage Of Exhaustion, where in this phase, the persons body will eventually get exhausted and turn out negative physiological and psychological effects. Apparently, stress can reduce the immune system and exposed the body to more infections such as ulcer (Brady, 1958), asthma (Miller and Strunk, 1979), colds (Stone et al, 1987) and cancer (Jacobs and Charles, 1980). Somehow, stress prompted th e heart rate and blood pressure, worsen and crowd together the blood vessel hence increase the cardiovascular disorder. Over three thousand men that have the type A personality were more plausibly to be ill with heart diseases (Rosenman et al, 1975). Any student or person will likely to have anger and frustration as part of their expression to lessen stress. Some person that cant deal with it well are more exposed to depression and helplessness where this can comes together with anxiety, that is generally, too handsome to our health.As described earlier, as part of the fight or flight situations, our body will releases hormones and many neurotransmitters. For aid adaptation and survival, these are crucial. Mentioned previously, when facing a stressor, the parasympathetic nervous system will response and these is intended as the adaptive response to force the body into actions and to do more physical activities, where we maybe experience some anger or fear or increasing respirati on rates. Furthermore, being physically fit also engages with reduced risk for many conditions including heart disease and stroke. While doing physical activities, the extra chemicals released as a result of experiencing stress are used up. This will make a feeling of relaxation occur, after a period of exercise. Exercise is very beneficial to the body but some still mark it difficult to find time, and that is why CAS programmes are planned for all students. Doing activities with partners is really useful, provided that one must try to include exercise schedule into their daily routine. Exercise actually acts like an antidepressant drug and boost up ones mood. But question is, why? This has urged a group of doctors from Nottingham Trend University to make research about this. The researchers suggest that a chemical named phenyl ethylamine could bump a role. This chemical has been related to regulation of physical energy, attention and mood where it will be change into phenyl acet ic acid by an enzyme. It is proven that the biologic fluids in dispirited patient have low level of both substances. In the first attempt to test the influence of exercise on levels of the chemical, they piece out that level of the chemical increased by 76.8% after exercise. The test was conducted on twenty healthy men, with a standard age of 22. All repeatedly did around four hours of fair to hard aerobic and anaerobic exercise every week. Before they start the study, they abstained from exercise for a day, and a urine test was completed to check for levels of phenyl acetic acid, the most precise amount of the chemical. Exercised for half an hour on a treadmill at 70% of maximum heart capability is good since mood changes are usually reported at that level. Proven by the urine levels, it was found that phenyl acetic acid levels were increased in 18 of the 20 men. Quoted from one of the researcher from Nottingham Trent University, Dr. Ellen Billet4said We are quite sure that ther e may be an effect of exercise on phenyl ethylamine. We also recognized that modest exercise has these positive effects. Meanwhile, a spokesperson for the mental health charity said that physical exercise has a oblige place in the management and avoidance of some mental health problems. In a latest survey of gym customers, 75% said they exercised to trim down their stress levels and 67% said they used exercise to retain their mental health. She also is calling for all doctors to offer exercise sessions on pass to patients with mental health problems, predominantly as we know that the majority people with mental health problems dont know this non-drug treatment alternative exists.A progressive muscle relaxation has proven to give highly effective stress reduced. By carry out relaxation, it prop up the parasympathetic nervous system activities and hence restore functioning and promotes rest. Some of the students in KMB practice a yoga-like doings and tai-chi (a type of traditional Chinese method to relax), and surprisingly, it works. They just spent only about thirty splendids in the evening, and I believe that is not impossible to be done.The common thing that students do when they try to deal with stress is, they tend to eat a lot. Well, to some people it does ease their stress but it is actually not a good thing to be done. What can really help is to control the food that we eat. Scrupulously, food materials such as nicotine and caffeine (also known as sympathomimetics) stimulate the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. As a result, they boost blood pressure, heart rate and metabolic rate, where these can help the body system to be more reactive to stress particularly when we are out in the open to a stressor. For instance, doing a ToK presentation, the student will feel more anxious and diminished performance. Biologically, stress can have an effect on absorption of certain vitamins. The release of cortisol (asteroidhormonesecreted by thead renal gland) for example, occurs following sympathetic nervous system activating requires the use of B-complex vitamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and pyridoxine hydrochloride. Over a period of persistent stress, the supply of these vitamins in the body will lessen. And when that happens, the body cannot support or handle the cause of stress it reduces the effectiveness to stressor. This possibly will results in adverse physical symptoms such as stomach ache, muscular weakness and physical mayhem (insomnia, depression, anxiety). To make sure that the body get all that it needs, eat fortified cereals, vegetables, fruits, fish as well as liver as it contains the B-complex vitamins. As for vitamin C, eat a lot of cabbages, potatoes, tomatoes and any other citrus fruits that you would like. Not to be forgotten, exposed to constant stress can direct to lower calcium level as it mess about the calcium absorption in the intestine. Vitamin B-complex are also needed in processed flour and ingesting sugars. Ability to response to stressor minimize due to the rundown of stores of cortisol. Stress itself helps to raise blood sugar level because it has known that exposure to continual stress have an adverse effect on the doing of insulin in the body. This occurrence may elucidate why diabetes mellitis occurs to some people. Its a insulin producing disorder. People whose had a sodium related disorder, may affected by salt, increasing the body to preserve fluid. The subsequent increase in blood pressure while facing the stressor may leave the person at high risk of stroke and heart attack.Cognitive restructuring is another method that can help to release stress. Is it a method where negative thought, misconception or absurd thinking that expedite stressful reaction are replaced with more positive, realistic and practical thought that helps to reduce the persons judgment of menace or mischief. Two approaches that have been widely use by therapist to help restructuring thoughts are the Aaron Becks cognitive therapy and Albert Ellis rational emotive therapy. In addition, there is also another system known as the stress-inoculation, demonstrable by Donald Meichenbaum. It involves a few steps which are conceptualisation, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow through. First of all, the person learns about the nature of stress and how people react to it, taking examples from own personal experiences will be helpful. Then, find out the range of cognitive and behavioural techniques including cognitive restructuring, relaxation, and how to get community support (friends, teachers and family). Respond to stressors introduced in therapy in a categorized progression and be present at the follow-up sessions (Meichenbaum and Deffenbacher, 1988).About the self-control, one must believe in their self that they can change what is happening to them, which will make it better in favour of them to deal with the stress. On the other hand, a person will find it more difficult to muddle through the stress if they keep thinking that it is out of their control or it is fated. People tend to only bear in mind about the negative side of things. For instance, rather than thinking that a forthcoming presentation as a prospect of failing, think of it as a chance to improve your public speaking. You may not know everything about something, but try to concentrate on the things that you know and possibly will be surprised about the outcome.How do we think, is what we can control. Try to use thought stopping method. It is very easy yet efficient in lessen stress. It is classic that every time a negative thought appears, stop it, and tell yourself that you will not tolerate yourself to have pessimistic thoughts. At the same time, stop, relax, and try to breathe. Practise relaxation method. It has some sensation effect that will act as a supporter to bring to an end to the negative thought.Have you ever saw a group of people laughing while you were jogging? Dont worry, they are not crazy. Maybe the term laughter is the best medicine is quite common in our daily life today. It has been well known that laughter can minimize stress. Researchers found out that humour in reaction to stressful situation brings many advantages. Laughter can turn out in physiological changes including an increase in heart rate, oxygen exchange and muscle activities (sympathetic nervous system activity). This can direct to an eventual reduction in these activities to beneath baseline producing a state of relaxation, which is the parasympathetic nervous system activation. Therefore, if you are feeling stress after the hard study time, while doing CAS activities, have a laugh with your friends.I am quite sure that every student have been exposed to, at least once, a motivational talk about how to plan their time. If you are smart, you will plan and manage your time effectively as it helps to get rid of stress. For insta nce, if you are feeling stress because you have a placement discourse, do not turn up late at the interview place. This will buy you some time to relax and to do some relaxation, it really helps. Similarly, if you cannot finish you work or study in your room for the origin that you kept been distracted, arrange your time efficiently and try to find time to study in the library or anywhere that you feels comfortable. It surely can help to lessen stress and helps to focus more.One more thing that is essential to help reduce stress is the social support that can be gained from friends, teachers and family. Stress effects are lowered with a good social support group. That is why, an excellent and healthy relationship with friends, teachers and family are vital. People, who are friendless and alone, are more risky to stress and also mental related problems. For example, a recent survey shows that two third of the people affected by mental illness, curb that they feeling lonely all the time or often. This survey was made in Australia. In addition to friends and teachers, besides family, CAS programme at the local community centre provide the opportunity to have a healthy social relations. The social support is like a central coping technique. It possibly will work in two ways which is the buffering effect or the direct effect. The buffering effect shields a person from the unfavourable effects of stress. In the other hand, the direct effect may be priceless and positive in its own right. Both model of effect is acceptable and reveals multiple paths through which stress and even health outcomes are influenced (Cohen and Wills, 1985). Actually, it might be better to consider social support in a system context. This is the connection between the person and social support is a continuous matter that engages two-way feedback of both negative and positive feeling. One thing that will surely helps is exercise regulatory or disregulatory effects on the other as the conne ction continues (Leavy, 1983). Well, if one just depends on the social support to minimize their stress, it may have only minute effect, but when pooled with other relaxation techniques, it has enormous effect. According to Schultz and Saklofske (1983), the quantity of the social support is not as important as the quality of it. A person, who authentic a low quality social support, although it was more than enough, was reported feeling more alone than a person who had a little but higher quality of social support. The importance of social support might be different, depends on the type of cause of stress. Various stressors that never experienced by others are faced by families with handicapped member (Yablin, 1986) and they seeming benefit from their social supports (Kirkham, Schilling, Norelius and Schinke, 1986). Plus, families dealing with illness seem to be much better when they have smashed social support contrast to those who has no such support (Shapiro, 1983). A research r eported that men with AIDS and AIDS-related problems experience increased distress whey they were not given enough support (Zich and Temoshok, 1987). Social support also seems to be a buffer against severe coronary artery disease in type A personalities (Blumenthal et al., 1987).Students should have their own stand, their own attitude and principles. It is not only for self confidence, but also in helping to reduce stress. The use of religious practise and apparitional beliefs is a neglected element of strategies of cope with stress. Noted that the religious group support are strong whose influence has not been appropriately assessed. A research conducted by Higher Education Research Institute, University of California found out that college students who take part in religious and spiritual activities are more possible to have a better stress level than students who didnt participate in religious activity at all. Besides that, students who did not join religious activities are mor e twofold more likely to be reported with mental health and depression compared to students who attended religious activities constantly. According to Alexander Astin5, co-principal investigator for the research involving 3,680 third-year college students, sense of psychological well-being of one also contributed by being religious and spiritual. Those who play a part in religious conduct also are less likely to undergo overwhelmed during classes. Examples of religious activities are reading holy texts, joining religious geological formation and attending religious activities. These result are vital because psychological well-being becomes lesser throughout the duration, Astin says. One out of five students has consult the counsellor for personal counselling since becoming the students there, and 77% of the students claim seeming depressed regularly or irregularly during the years before. No more than 61% of the students were feeling depressed commonly or rarely when they first sta rted college. This is still a very high number since official statistics signify that only 25% of the population suffers from depression. These are all related, feeling good about your life and high self esteem has a connection to high degree of spiritual. The research labelled spiritualty as desiring to assimilate religion into ones life, believing in the purity of life and having divine experiences. But the study too finds that extremely spiritual students are more exposed to experience spiritual distress, or feeling anxious about pious, than students who arent actively religious. Being religious also could play a part in whether someone starts to swig drinks that contains alcohol while in college. More than 70% of students who dont drink alcohol before registered in college wont set off in college if they got themselves in religious doings, the study reported, but only less than that of students will go on to give up if not occupied religiously. The question that arises is wheth er the students who do religious activities have really healthy psychological or healthy psychological students who go and seek for religious activities. The research also unearthed that 77% of college students pray, 78% have a discussion about religious conviction with acquaintances, and 76% are looking for significance and reason in life.Last but not least, the relaxation using wrangle also helps. For example, relax, take it easy and chill out are commonly used by us. These words form the important part of cue-controlled relaxation. The secret is effortless the repeated words will enable the body to do the response automatically. The process is something that we want to control, and we can control it. The words act as a signal for the body to do the required response. It triggers the response of relaxation. Yes, maybe at first, it doesnt mean anything. But after the words have been connected to the relaxation, it will induce the response directly. Just say the words and relax.

The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Essays P

The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the potassium Knight In the Fourteenth Century, feudalism and its offspring, chivalry, were in decline due to drastic social and economic changes. In this light, _Sir Gawain and the green Knight_ presents both a nostalgic support of the feudal hierarchies and an implicit reprimand of changes, which, if left unchecked will lead to its ultimate destruction. I would suggest that the women in the story are the Gawain poets primary instruments in this critique and reinforcement of Feudalism. By positioning The Virgin Mary (as the singular female archetype representing spiritual love, obedience, chastity, and life) against Morgan and Bertilaks wife (who represent the traditional female archetypes of courtly love, disobedience, lust and death) the Gawain poet points out the difference of opinion between courtly love and spiritual love which he, and other critics of the time, felt had drastically weakened the religious values behind chivalry. As such , the poem is a warning to its Aristocratic readers that the traditional religious values underlying the feudal musical arrangement must be upheld in order to avert destruction of their right smart of life. It is easy to read _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_ as a romantic celebration of chivalry, that Ruth Hamilton believes that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight contains a more wide-ranging, more sobering criticism of chivalry than has heretofore been noticed (113). Specifically, she feels that the poet is showing Gawains reliance on chivalrys outside(a) form and substance at the expense of the original values of the Christian religion from which it sprang. As she shows, the first order of knights were monastic ones, who took vows of poverty, obedience, and chastity. The first duties th... ...eties facing Arthurs Camelot--specifically women, magic, adultery, and incest--with Morgan representing a trope for all the ills. Morgan, Gerald. The Action of the Hunting and Bedroom Scen es in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Medium Aevum 56 (1987) 200-16. Morgan argues that a moral struggle is suggested by the juxtaposition of the operate scenes and the bedroom scenes, with the Lady in the role of the hunter and Gawain as the hunted. Warner, Marina. completely of all Her Sex The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary. New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1976. Warners book exposit the special importance of the Virgin Mary throughout Christianity and explores her religious and blue meaning. She discusses such things as the Churchs attitude toward virginity, the role model of the Virgin martyr, the Virgins relics, and her role as an intercessor with God. The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Essays PThe Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In the Fourteenth Century, Feudalism and its offspring, chivalry, were in decline due to drastic social and economic changes. In this light, _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_ presen ts both a nostalgic support of the feudal hierarchies and an implicit criticism of changes, which, if left unchecked will lead to its ultimate destruction. I would suggest that the women in the story are the Gawain poets primary instruments in this critique and reinforcement of Feudalism. By positioning The Virgin Mary (as the singular female archetype representing spiritual love, obedience, chastity, and life) against Morgan and Bertilaks wife (who represent the traditional female archetypes of courtly love, disobedience, lust and death) the Gawain poet points out the conflict between courtly love and spiritual love which he, and other critics of the time, felt had drastically weakened the religious values behind chivalry. As such, the poem is a warning to its Aristocratic readers that the traditional religious values underlying the feudal system must be upheld in order to avert destruction of their way of life. It is easy to read _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_ as a romantic cel ebration of chivalry, but Ruth Hamilton believes that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight contains a more wide-ranging, more serious criticism of chivalry than has heretofore been noticed (113). Specifically, she feels that the poet is showing Gawains reliance on chivalrys outside form and substance at the expense of the original values of the Christian religion from which it sprang. As she shows, the first order of knights were monastic ones, who took vows of poverty, obedience, and chastity. The first duties th... ...eties facing Arthurs Camelot--specifically women, magic, adultery, and incest--with Morgan representing a trope for all the ills. Morgan, Gerald. The Action of the Hunting and Bedroom Scenes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Medium Aevum 56 (1987) 200-16. Morgan argues that a moral struggle is suggested by the juxtaposition of the hunt scenes and the bedroom scenes, with the Lady in the role of the hunter and Gawain as the hunted. Warner, Marina. Alone of all Her Sex T he Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary. New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1976. Warners book details the special importance of the Virgin Mary throughout Christianity and explores her religious and secular meaning. She discusses such things as the Churchs attitude toward virginity, the role model of the Virgin martyr, the Virgins relics, and her role as an intercessor with God.

Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales :: Essays Papers

Chaucer and The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is some an unrelated group of twenty-nine pilgrims traveling unneurotic on a pilgrimage. One of the major aspects of the journey is the unique diversity of the characters. There are knights, nuns, monks, lower-class tradesman and single women. They interact together and enunciate distributively other their tales. GRAPH According to the Norton Anthology, Chaucers original plan for The Canterbury Tales projected about one hundred twenty stories two for each pilgrim to tell on the modality to Canterbury and two more on the way back. Chaucer actually completed only twenty-two, although two more exist in fragments (Norton 79). One of the characteristics that makes Chaucers work so convincing is his ability to present characters that have real life qualities. Many women can relate to the Wife of Bath, and many college students can relate to the Squire with his doll friends. The storyteller of the tales is Geoffrey Chaucer himself but he speaks though a variety of media ...Chaucers pilgrim narrators represent a wide spectrum of ranks and occupations. The great variety of tales is matched by the diversity of their tellers tales are charge to bewitch narrators and juxtaposed to bring out contrasts in genre, style, tone and values (Norton 79). The opinions about Chaucer as the pilgrim and as the poet are very different. Chaucer the Pilgrim is the narrator of the tales, and he must(prenominal) move on an accurate description of what is going on, even if he disagrees with the characters action. First Chaucer the Pilgrim duologue about nature and the seasons. He tells us that he is joined by several(prenominal) people on a journey to Canterbury. He talks about all the people involved in the pilgrimage. First he talks about the knight and then Chaucer talks about the knights son, then the Yeoman, the Wife of Bath, the Monk, the Merchant, and the Clerk.Chauce r and The Canterbury Tales Essays PapersChaucer and The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is about an unrelated group of twenty-nine pilgrims traveling together on a pilgrimage. One of the major aspects of the journey is the unique diversity of the characters. There are knights, nuns, monks, lower-class tradesman and single women. They interact together and tell each other their tales. GRAPH According to the Norton Anthology, Chaucers original plan for The Canterbury Tales projected about one hundred twenty stories two for each pilgrim to tell on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. Chaucer actually completed only twenty-two, although two more exist in fragments (Norton 79). One of the characteristics that makes Chaucers work so convincing is his ability to present characters that have real life qualities. Many women can relate to the Wife of Bath, and many college students can relate to the Squire with his lady friends. The narrator of the tales is Geoffrey Chaucer himself but he speaks though a variety of media ...Chaucers pilgrim narrators represent a wide spectrum of ranks and occupations. The great variety of tales is matched by the diversity of their tellers tales are assigned to appropriate narrators and juxtaposed to bring out contrasts in genre, style, tone and values (Norton 79). The opinions about Chaucer as the pilgrim and as the poet are very different. Chaucer the Pilgrim is the narrator of the tales, and he must give an accurate description of what is going on, even if he disagrees with the characters action. First Chaucer the Pilgrim talks about nature and the seasons. He tells us that he is joined by several people on a journey to Canterbury. He talks about all the people involved in the pilgrimage. First he talks about the knight and then Chaucer talks about the knights son, then the Yeoman, the Wife of Bath, the Monk, the Merchant, and the Clerk.

Effect Of Postimpressionists On The Next Generation Essay -- essays re

Postimpressionism Postimpressionism was a movement in late-19th-century French painting that emphasized the craftists personal response to a subject. Postimpressionism takes its name from an device movement that immediately preceded it Impressionism. notwithstanding whereas impressionist painters concentrated on the depiction of a subjects immediate appearance, postimpressionists focused on emotional or spiritual meanings that the subject might convey. Although impressionist artists interpreted what they saw, their approach nevertheless remained rooted in observation of the natural world. Postimpressionists conveyed their personal responses to the world around them through the use of strong, unnatural colors and exaggeration or slight distortion of forms.Postimpressionism can be said to yield begun in 1886, the year that French painter Georges Seurat exhibited Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884-1886), and to collect ended in 1906, the year French painter Pa ul Czanne died. British art critic Roger Fry, however, coined the term postimpressionism, in 1910 when he organized an expo of French paintings at the Grafton Galleries in London. Fry is said to have been dissuaded from using the word expressionist to describe the work of Czanne, Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, and others, and to have finally declared "Oh, lets just call them post-impressionists at any rate, they came after the impressionists." The term was firmly established when Fry held a second show of postimpressionist art at the Grafton Galleries in 1912.The PostimpressionistsThe painters most closely associated with postimpressionism all took part in Frys first exhibition Czanne, Seurat, Gauguin, Matisse, and van Gogh. Although their styles differed greatly from one another, these artists shared an dexterity to communicate concepts, emotions, or personal sensation through their art. Unlike other postimpressionists, Paul Czanne did not create s ymbolic equivalents between elements of his paintings and particular emotions or concepts. Instead, Czanne, who began his career as an impressionist, felt that he could communicate the intensity of his personal sensation through his painted observations of nature. He repeatedly turned to traditionalistic artistic subjects, such as landscapes, still lifes, and nude bathers. However, his r... ...m, used more decorative shapes, stencilling, collage, and brighter colors. It was then that artists such as Picasso and Braque started to use pieces of cut-up newspaper in their paintings. An early twentieth-century school of painting and sculpture in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms without realistic detail, stressing abstract form at the set down of other pictorial elements largely by use of intersecting often transparent cubes and cones. Czanne influenced cubism, the highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century that was created principally by Picasso a nd Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914. The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro and refuting time-honoured theories of art as the imitation of nature. Cubist painters were not bound to copying form, texture, colour, and space instead, they presented a new reality in paintings that depicted radically fragmented objects, whose some(prenominal) sides were seen simultaneously. this has been collected from various resources on the net ... ibiblio.org, among others